Duke Henry II of Montmorency at the Battle of Castelnaudary, 1632

This illustration by **Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux**, created around 1860 and published in a popular history of France in 1870, depicts Duke **Henri II de Montmorency** at the height of the Battle of **Castelnaudary** on 1 September 1632, where Marshal Schomberg's army crushed the rebel troops gathered around Montmorency and Gaston d'Orléans. Severely wounded and captured during the fighting, Montmorency was to be beheaded two months later in Toulouse. A work of nineteenth-century popular history rather than a contemporary account, this engraving nonetheless faithfully illustrates the episode that ended the last great armed revolt of the high nobility against Cardinal Richelieu.