[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":64},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p1ch1:en":3,"chapters:p1:en":38},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p1","Prehistory","Prehistoria","≈ 1,000,000 BC → 600 BC","≈ 1 000 000 a. C. → 600 a. C.",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Lascaux, horse.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux%2C%20horse.JPG","/assets/p1-prehistoire-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":32,"hasEn":33,"isFallback":34,"coverFit":32,"coverPosition":32,"chronicle":35,"realm":32,"seoDescription":36,"thumbnailUrl":37},"p1ch1","The Origins of Humanity","\u003Ch2>The Origins of Humanity in France\u003C/h2>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌍 A very ancient land, long before France\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Long before France existed as a country, the territory corresponding to present-day France was already inhabited by human groups.\u003Cbr>\nThe \u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch1z1\">earliest traces of human presence\u003C/a> discovered in France date back to around \u003Cstrong>1 million years ago\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At that time, Europe was undergoing major climatic changes. The French territory alternated between:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>glacial periods\u003C/strong>, extremely cold,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>and \u003Cstrong>interglacial periods\u003C/strong>, more temperate.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These changes directly influenced human life, including their diet, movements, and survival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧍 First human generations: the pioneers\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The first humans present in France belonged to ancient species that are now extinct:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch1z2\">Homo erectus\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch1z3\">Homo heidelbergensis\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"/assets/p1/ch1/z2/Homo_erectus_reconstruction_in_Kulturama_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"Homo erectus\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Reconstruction of Homo erectus.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"/assets/p1/ch1/z3/Homo-heidelbergensis.png\" alt=\"Homo heidelbergensis\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These humans did not arrive in a single migration.\u003Cbr>\nTheir presence in France is the result of \u003Cstrong>slow migrations\u003C/strong>, spread over \u003Cstrong>tens of thousands of years\u003C/strong>, generation after generation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They followed:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>animal herds,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>rivers,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>resource-rich areas.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👣 A life in constant movement\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>These early human groups were \u003Cstrong>strictly nomadic\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They had no permanent settlements.\u003Cbr>\nThey temporarily settled:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>caves\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>under \u003Cstrong>rock shelters\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>or in the open, near rivers.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>When an area became less favorable (cold, lack of food), the group moved on.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Each generation passed on to the next:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>routes,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>safe locations,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>survival techniques.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🪨 The emergence of the first tools\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>To survive, these humans made \u003Cstrong>stone tools\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The oldest tools found in France include:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>sharp stone flakes\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>hand axes\u003C/strong>, shaped on both sides.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Biface_de_St_Acheul_MHNT.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Prehistoric hand axe\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Stone hand axe used by early humans.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These tools were used to:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>cut meat,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>break bones,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>work wood and hides.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Tool-making relied on \u003Cstrong>know-how passed down orally\u003C/strong> from one generation to the next.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧊 A dangerous environment\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Prehistory was a time of \u003Cstrong>great dangers\u003C/strong>:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>extreme cold,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>predators (cave lions, bears),\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>diseases,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>often fatal injuries.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/European_cave_lion_(Panthera_leo_spelaea)_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg\" alt=\"Cave lion\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The cave lion, one of the most formidable predators of the time.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Ursus_spelaeus_Sergiodlarosa.jpg\" alt=\"Cave bear\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The cave bear, a solitary giant of mountainous regions.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Humans shared their environment with a \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch1z4\">megafauna\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> that has now disappeared:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>mammoths,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>woolly rhinoceroses,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>giant bison.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Woolly_mammoth_(Mammuthus_primigenius)_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoth\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The woolly mammoth, an emblem of the Ice Age.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wooly_Rhino15.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Woolly rhinoceros\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The woolly rhinoceros, adapted to cold steppes.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Prazubr_rysunek_600.jpg\" alt=\"Steppe bison\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The steppe bison, ancestor of modern bison.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Survival depended on:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>group solidarity\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>cooperation,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the experience of elders.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🔥 A very slow but continuous evolution\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>For most of Prehistory, progress was \u003Cstrong>extremely slow\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A technique could remain unchanged for \u003Cstrong>tens of thousands of years\u003C/strong>.\u003Cbr>\nBut every improvement, even small, increased the group’s chances of survival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These early human generations laid the \u003Cstrong>foundations of all human history\u003C/strong>:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>social organization,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>transmission of knowledge,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>adaptation to the environment.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Humans have lived in France for \u003Cstrong>about 1 million years\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The first inhabitants were \u003Cstrong>Homo erectus\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Homo heidelbergensis\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>They were \u003Cstrong>nomadic\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>They made \u003Cstrong>stone tools\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Progress was \u003Cstrong>slow but steady\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Saint-Acheul hand axe — Muséum de Toulouse, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Cave lion — Mauricio Antón, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/\">CC BY 2.5\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Cave bear — Sergiodlarosa, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Woolly mammoth — Mauricio Antón, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/\">CC BY 2.5\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Woolly rhinoceros — ДиБгд, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Steppe bison — Robert Pawlicki, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Homo erectus reconstruction — Tiia Monto, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Homo heidelbergensis reconstruction — local asset\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📚 Sources\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>INRAP – Prehistory in France\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.inrap.fr\">https://www.inrap.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.mnhn.fr\">https://www.mnhn.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>CNRS – Origins of Humanity\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.cnrs.fr\">https://www.cnrs.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>French Ministry of Culture – Archaeology\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.culture.gouv.fr\">https://www.culture.gouv.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Encyclopædia Britannica – Prehistoric Europe\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com\">https://www.britannica.com\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[20,23,26,29],{"id":21,"title":22},"p1ch1z1","The earliest human traces",{"id":24,"title":25},"p1ch1z2","Homo erectus",{"id":27,"title":28},"p1ch1z3","Homo heidelbergensis",{"id":30,"title":31},"p1ch1z4","Pleistocene megafauna","",true,false,"Il y a 1 million d'années","Bien avant que la France n’existe comme pays, découvrez les premières traces humaines. Long before France existed as a country, the territory corresponding to","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch1.png",{"period":39,"chapters":43},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":40,"coverArtworkId":42},{"fileName":32,"filePageUrl":32,"imageUrl":41,"sourceLabel":32},"/assets/carousels/p1/Chromesun_kincaid_site_01.jpg","chromesun-kincaid-site-01",[44,46,52,58],{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":37,"thumbnailArtworkId":32,"hasEn":33,"isFallback":34,"teaser":45,"coverFit":32,"coverPosition":32,"chronicle":35,"realm":32,"ready":33},"Bien avant que la France n’existe comme pays, découvrez les premières traces humaines.",{"id":47,"title":48,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":49,"thumbnailArtworkId":32,"hasEn":33,"isFallback":34,"teaser":50,"coverFit":32,"coverPosition":32,"chronicle":51,"realm":32,"ready":33},"p1ch2","The Peak of the Paleolithic","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch2.png","Quand l'humanité devient créatrice : l'éveil de l'art et de la pensée.","Environ –45 000 à –10 000 avant notre ère",{"id":53,"title":54,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":55,"thumbnailArtworkId":32,"hasEn":33,"isFallback":34,"teaser":56,"coverFit":32,"coverPosition":32,"chronicle":57,"realm":32,"ready":33},"p1ch3","The Neolithic Revolution","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch3.png","Le passage du nomadisme à la sédentarité : l'invention de l'agriculture.","≈ –6 000 à –2 500 av. J.-C.",{"id":59,"title":60,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":61,"thumbnailArtworkId":32,"hasEn":33,"isFallback":34,"teaser":62,"coverFit":32,"coverPosition":32,"chronicle":63,"realm":32,"ready":33},"p1ch4","The Age of Metals","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch4.png","L'éveil des guerriers et des artisans : l'invention du Bronze et du Fer.","≈ –2 500 à –600 av. J.-C.",1778543071686]