[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":61},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p1ch2:en":3,"chapters:p1:en":35},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p1","Prehistory","Prehistoria","≈ 1,000,000 BC → 600 BC","≈ 1 000 000 a. C. → 600 a. C.",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Lascaux, horse.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux%2C%20horse.JPG","/assets/p1-prehistoire-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":32,"realm":29,"seoDescription":33,"thumbnailUrl":34},"p1ch2","The Peak of the Paleolithic","\u003Ch2>The Peak of the Paleolithic in France: when humanity becomes creative\u003C/h2>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌍 France, a center of the Upper Paleolithic\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Between \u003Cstrong>–45,000 and –10,000 years\u003C/strong>, the territory of present-day France became one of the \u003Cstrong>major cultural centers of humanity\u003C/strong>.\u003Cbr>\nHuman groups no longer simply survived: they \u003Cstrong>created\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>symbolized\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>transmitted\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This period marks a fundamental turning point:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>emergence of symbolic behavior,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>development of art,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>lasting technical innovations.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Prehistory entered its richest and most expressive phase.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧍 Neanderthal: master of the European cold\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Homo_neanderthalensis%2C_The_Natural_History_Museum_Vienna%2C_20210730_1225_1277.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Neanderthal man\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Model of an elderly individual of the species Homo neanderthalensis, Natural History Museum of Vienna.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Neanderthals\u003C/strong> occupied much of Europe, including France, for hundreds of thousands of years.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Perfectly adapted to cold climates, they had:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>a robust body,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>large lung capacity,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>excellent control of their environment.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>But Neanderthals were not defined by physical strength alone.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚰️ The first burial practices\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In France, several archaeological sites show that Neanderthals were the \u003Cstrong>first humans to bury their dead\u003C/strong>.\u003Cbr>\nThese practices suggest:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>an awareness of death,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>a form of symbolic thinking,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the beginnings of spiritual beliefs.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This discovery long challenged the image of Neanderthals as primitive and cultureless.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To understand their disappearance, see:\u003Cbr>\n🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch2z2\">Zoom – The mystery of Neanderthal extinction\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧬 The arrival of Cro-Magnon in France\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cro-Magnon.jpg?width=256\" alt=\"Cro-Magnon skull\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Skull of one of the individuals from the Cro-Magnon rock shelter (Cro-Magnon 1), Musée de l’Homme, Paris.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Around \u003Cstrong>40,000 years ago\u003C/strong>, a new humanity arrived in what is now France:\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cstrong>Homo sapiens\u003C/strong>, commonly referred to as \u003Cstrong>Cro-Magnon\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These humans are our \u003Cstrong>direct ancestors\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They are distinguished by:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>more complex language,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>broader social organization,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>a greater ability to transmit knowledge.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>For several millennia, Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals \u003Cstrong>coexisted\u003C/strong> in France, sometimes sharing the same territories.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🎨 The birth of Art: a cultural revolution\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Upper Paleolithic marks the explosion of \u003Cstrong>prehistoric art\u003C/strong>, and France is one of its global epicenters.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Art was not decorative.\u003Cbr>\nIt was linked to:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>beliefs,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>knowledge transmission,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the relationship between humans and the animal world.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>🐂 Unique sanctuaries in the world\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>France is home to two exceptional sites:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Chauvet Cave\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\nThe oldest known paintings, over \u003Cstrong>36,000 years old\u003C/strong>, with striking realism.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/29_PanneauDesChevaux(VueG%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale).jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Chauvet cave paintings\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Panel of the horses (general view), replica of Chauvet Cave.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Lascaux Cave\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\nOften called the \u003Cstrong>“Sistine Chapel of Prehistory”\u003C/strong>, famous for its horses, aurochs, and mastery of movement.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lascaux_012.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Lascaux cave painting\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Paintings from Lascaux Cave.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch2z1\">Zoom – Lascaux, a global masterpiece\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🪡 Innovating to live better\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Humans of the Upper Paleolithic developed \u003Cstrong>major technological innovations\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Among the most important:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>the \u003Cstrong>eye needle\u003C/strong>, allowing tailored clothing,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the \u003Cstrong>spear-thrower (atlatl)\u003C/strong>, greatly improving hunting efficiency,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the \u003Cstrong>first jewelry\u003C/strong>, made from bones, shells, or stones.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These objects reflect:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>an aesthetic sense,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>a social identity,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>advanced symbolic thinking.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏕️ A new way of inhabiting the world\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Camps became more structured.\u003Cbr>\nHumans organized space into:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>resting areas,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>working areas,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>spaces dedicated to collective activities.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This organization reflects a more stable and coordinated society.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch2z3\">Zoom – Daily life in a tent camp\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🔥 A fundamental legacy\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The peak of the Paleolithic in France marks:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>the birth of art,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the emergence of beliefs,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the first lasting cultural expressions.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These hunter-gatherer societies laid the \u003Cstrong>cultural foundations of humanity\u003C/strong>, long before the invention of agriculture.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Neanderthal man — Jakub Hałun, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Cro-Magnon skull — 120, \u003Ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Chauvet paintings — Claude Valette, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Lascaux paintings — JoJan, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\">CC BY 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📚 Sources\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>INRAP – Upper Paleolithic in France\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.inrap.fr\">https://www.inrap.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>French Ministry of Culture – Prehistoric art\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.culture.gouv.fr\">https://www.culture.gouv.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>National Museum of Natural History\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.mnhn.fr\">https://www.mnhn.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>CNRS – Neanderthals and Homo sapiens\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.cnrs.fr\">https://www.cnrs.fr\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Encyclopædia Britannica – Upper Paleolithic\u003Cbr>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com\">https://www.britannica.com\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[20,23,26],{"id":21,"title":22},"p1ch2z1","Lascaux, a global masterpiece",{"id":24,"title":25},"p1ch2z2","The mystery of Neanderthal extinction",{"id":27,"title":28},"p1ch2z3","Daily life in the Paleolithic","",true,false,"Environ –45 000 à –10 000 avant notre ère","Quand l'humanité devient créatrice : l'éveil de l'art et de la pensée. Between –45,000 and –10,000 years , the territory of present-day France became one of","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch2.png",{"period":36,"chapters":40},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":37,"coverArtworkId":39},{"fileName":29,"filePageUrl":29,"imageUrl":38,"sourceLabel":29},"/assets/carousels/p1/Chromesun_kincaid_site_01.jpg","chromesun-kincaid-site-01",[41,47,49,55],{"id":42,"title":43,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":44,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":45,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":46,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p1ch1","The Origins of Humanity","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch1.png","Bien avant que la France n’existe comme pays, découvrez les premières traces humaines.","Il y a 1 million d'années",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":34,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":48,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":32,"realm":29,"ready":30},"Quand l'humanité devient créatrice : l'éveil de l'art et de la pensée.",{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":53,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":54,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p1ch3","The Neolithic Revolution","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch3.png","Le passage du nomadisme à la sédentarité : l'invention de l'agriculture.","≈ –6 000 à –2 500 av. J.-C.",{"id":56,"title":57,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":58,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":59,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":60,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p1ch4","The Age of Metals","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch4.png","L'éveil des guerriers et des artisans : l'invention du Bronze et du Fer.","≈ –2 500 à –600 av. J.-C.",1778543071724]