[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":55},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p1ch3:en":3,"chapters:p1:en":29},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p1","Prehistory","Prehistoria","≈ 1,000,000 BC → 600 BC","≈ 1 000 000 a. C. → 600 a. C.",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Lascaux, horse.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux%2C%20horse.JPG","/assets/p1-prehistoire-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":23,"hasEn":24,"isFallback":25,"coverFit":23,"coverPosition":23,"chronicle":26,"realm":23,"seoDescription":27,"thumbnailUrl":28},"p1ch3","The Neolithic Revolution","\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏠 From nomadic to sedentary life\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>For hundreds of thousands of years, humans were nomadic, following animal herds. Around \u003Cstrong>6000 BCE\u003C/strong>, this way of life changed radically in what is now France.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This revolution did not originate in France: it arrived through two major migration routes:\u003C/p>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The Mediterranean route\u003C/strong>: Populations from Italy settled along the coasts of Provence and Languedoc (\u003Cem>Cardial culture\u003C/em>).\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The Continental route\u003C/strong>: Farmers followed the Danube and entered from the east, settling in the Paris Basin.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003Cp>Humans then built the first \u003Cstrong>permanent villages\u003C/strong>. They no longer relied on temporary shelters but constructed solid houses made of wood, earth (wattle and daub), and thatch. In \u003Cstrong>Bercy\u003C/strong> (Paris), archaeologists have uncovered traces of these dwellings and even dugout canoes, showing that early populations had already mastered river navigation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Village_n%C3%A9olithique_de_Skara_Brae_dans_les_%C3%AEles_Orcades_en_%C3%89cosse.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Neolithic village\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The Neolithic village of Skara Brae (reconstruction).\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌾 Mastering nature: agriculture and animal husbandry\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>This is the greatest revolution in human history. Instead of simply gathering and hunting, humans became \u003Cstrong>producers\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Agriculture\u003C/strong>: Cultivation of key crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes (lentils, peas)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Animal husbandry\u003C/strong>: Domestication of animals (sheep, goats, cattle, pigs), providing meat, milk, wool, and labor\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This new abundance allowed populations to grow, but it came at a cost: work became more demanding, and close contact with animals introduced new diseases.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚱️ New techniques, new needs\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Sedentary life required new tools and networks:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Polished stone\u003C/strong>: Unlike chipped stone, it is much more durable. It allowed the production of axes capable of clearing France’s dense forests.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pottery and salt\u003C/strong>: Pottery was used to store grains. This period also marks the beginning of \u003Cstrong>salt exploitation\u003C/strong> (notably in Lorraine), essential for preserving meat and feeding livestock.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Long-distance trade\u003C/strong>: Valuable jade axes, quarried in the Alps, have been found as far as Brittany—evidence of trade networks spanning hundreds of kilometers.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Archea_Louvres_-_Hache_polie_n%C3%A9o_(2)_pht.jpg?width=512\" alt=\"Polished axe\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Neolithic polished flint axe discovered in Marly-la-Ville.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Poterie_neolithic.JPG?width=256\" alt=\"Neolithic pottery\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Neolithic ceramic jar (National Archaeology Museum).\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 A transforming society\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>With sedentary life and food storage, society changed. For the first time, \u003Cstrong>inequalities\u003C/strong> appeared:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Some individuals accumulated more wealth than others\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>A \u003Cstrong>hierarchy\u003C/strong> emerged: chiefs, warriors, and priests\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The first \u003Cstrong>conflicts\u003C/strong> arose over control of fertile land and food resources\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🗿 The mystery of megaliths\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Neolithic is also the age of the first large stone constructions: \u003Cstrong>megaliths\u003C/strong> (from Greek \u003Cem>mega\u003C/em>: large, and \u003Cem>lithos\u003C/em>: stone).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>France is home to remarkable sites that reflect a new level of social organization capable of mobilizing hundreds of people to build monuments:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Menhirs\u003C/strong>: Standing stones, sometimes engraved with symbols\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Dolmens\u003C/strong>: Monumental collective tombs. The wealthiest individuals were buried with ornaments made of gold or jade\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Carnac_56_Alignement_du_M%C3%A9nec_2013.JPG?width=512\" alt=\"Carnac alignments\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Partial view of the Ménec alignments in Carnac.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p1ch3z1\">Zoom – The Carnac alignments\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Agriculture arrived via \u003Cstrong>two routes\u003C/strong> (south and east)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Invention of \u003Cstrong>production\u003C/strong> (crops, livestock) and \u003Cstrong>preservation\u003C/strong> (pottery, salt)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Emergence of \u003Cstrong>social hierarchy\u003C/strong> and property\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Construction of the first monuments: \u003Cstrong>megaliths\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Neolithic village — Archaeology Scotland, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Polished axe — Cangadoba, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Neolithic pottery — Calame, \u003Ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Carnac alignments — JLPC, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📚 Sources\u003C/h2>\n",[20],{"id":21,"title":22},"p1ch3z1","The Carnac Alignments","",true,false,"≈ –6 000 à –2 500 av. J.-C.","Le passage du nomadisme à la sédentarité : l'invention de l'agriculture. For hundreds of thousands of years, humans were nomadic, following animal herds.","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch3.png",{"period":30,"chapters":34},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":31,"coverArtworkId":33},{"fileName":23,"filePageUrl":23,"imageUrl":32,"sourceLabel":23},"/assets/carousels/p1/Chromesun_kincaid_site_01.jpg","chromesun-kincaid-site-01",[35,41,47,49],{"id":36,"title":37,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":38,"thumbnailArtworkId":23,"hasEn":24,"isFallback":25,"teaser":39,"coverFit":23,"coverPosition":23,"chronicle":40,"realm":23,"ready":24},"p1ch1","The Origins of Humanity","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch1.png","Bien avant que la France n’existe comme pays, découvrez les premières traces humaines.","Il y a 1 million d'années",{"id":42,"title":43,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":44,"thumbnailArtworkId":23,"hasEn":24,"isFallback":25,"teaser":45,"coverFit":23,"coverPosition":23,"chronicle":46,"realm":23,"ready":24},"p1ch2","The Peak of the Paleolithic","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch2.png","Quand l'humanité devient créatrice : l'éveil de l'art et de la pensée.","Environ –45 000 à –10 000 avant notre ère",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":28,"thumbnailArtworkId":23,"hasEn":24,"isFallback":25,"teaser":48,"coverFit":23,"coverPosition":23,"chronicle":26,"realm":23,"ready":24},"Le passage du nomadisme à la sédentarité : l'invention de l'agriculture.",{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":23,"hasEn":24,"isFallback":25,"teaser":53,"coverFit":23,"coverPosition":23,"chronicle":54,"realm":23,"ready":24},"p1ch4","The Age of Metals","/assets/covers/cover-p1ch4.png","L'éveil des guerriers et des artisans : l'invention du Bronze et du Fer.","≈ –2 500 à –600 av. J.-C.",1778543071759]