[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":85},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p2ch1:en":3,"chapters:p2:en":35},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p2","Antiquity","Antigüedad","≈ 600 BC → 51 BC","≈ 600 a. C. → 51 a. C.",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Alise-Sainte-Reine statue Vercingetorix par Millet.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alise-Sainte-Reine%20statue%20Vercingetorix%20par%20Millet.jpg","/assets/p2-antiquite-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":32,"realm":29,"seoDescription":33,"thumbnailUrl":34},"p2ch1","Marseille and the Phocaeans","\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Le_mus%C3%A9e_d%27Histoire_de_Marseille_%2814018281288%29.jpg?width=1200\" alt=\"Old Port of Marseille — general view\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Massaliote amphora from the 4th century BCE. Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Around \u003Cstrong>600 BCE\u003C/strong>, the history of France took a decisive turn. Greek sailors from the city of \u003Cstrong>Phocaea\u003C/strong> (in Asia Minor, present-day Turkey) landed on the coasts of Provence. They were seeking new trading posts to exchange their goods for northern metals.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This is how \u003Cstrong>Massalia\u003C/strong> (Marseille) was founded—the oldest city in France and the first true organized city on its territory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>💍 An alliance sealed by marriage\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Greek settlement was not established by force, but through alliance. According to legend, the Greek leader \u003Cstrong>Protis\u003C/strong> arrived on the day when the king of the local Segobrigii tribe, \u003Cstrong>Nannus\u003C/strong>, was marrying off his daughter \u003Cstrong>Gyptis\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>During the banquet, Gyptis had to choose her husband by offering him a cup of water. To everyone’s surprise, she chose the Greek stranger. As a dowry, Protis received the land around the \u003Cstrong>Lacydon\u003C/strong> inlet (today’s Old Port) to found his city.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p2ch1z1\">Zoom – The legend of Gyptis and Protis\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏛️ The organization of a powerful city-state\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Massalia was not just a trading post—it was an independent and highly organized \u003Cstrong>city-state (polis)\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Government\u003C/strong>: The city was ruled by a council of \u003Cstrong>600 aristocrats\u003C/strong>, known as the “Timouchoi”. They oversaw laws, justice, and defense\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Urban planning\u003C/strong>: The Greeks introduced planned cities with grid-like streets, drainage systems, and strong stone \u003Cstrong>fortifications\u003C/strong> to defend against sometimes hostile Gallic tribes\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Religion\u003C/strong>: Daily life revolved around Greek gods. Temples dedicated to \u003Cstrong>Artemis of Ephesus\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Apollo Delphinios\u003C/strong>, protector of sailors, stood on the heights of the city\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jardin_des_Vestiges_-_Marseille_2014.JPG?width=512\" alt=\"Jardin des Vestiges\" class=\"kb-img-top\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>The Jardin des Vestiges in Marseille: remains of the ancient port and Greek fortifications. Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🍷 A cultural and agricultural revolution\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Phocaeans brought innovations that would transform Gaul:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Agriculture\u003C/strong>: Introduction of \u003Cstrong>vine cultivation\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>olive tree\u003C/strong>. The Gauls discovered wine, which became a luxury product, sometimes exchanged for slaves or precious metals\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Economy\u003C/strong>: Massalia minted its own silver coins (drachmas). The Gauls gradually adopted the concept of money, moving away from barter\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Writing\u003C/strong>: The Greeks introduced the alphabet. For the first time, contracts and laws could be written in what is now France\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Amphore_massali%C3%A8te_%C3%A0_panse_en_toupie-VIe_si%C3%A8cle_A.V.J.C..jpg\" alt=\"Massaliote amphora\">\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cem>Massaliote amphora from the 6th century BCE. Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p2ch1z2\">Zoom – The Wine and Olive Trade Route\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>💰 The engine of trade: salt and metals\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"/assets/content/p2/ch1/massalia_trade_map_web.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration map of Massalia's trade routes\">\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Massalia became a key hub between the Mediterranean and northern Europe.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The Greeks exported wine, olive oil, and refined pottery\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>In return, they transported down the Rhône \u003Cstrong>tin\u003C/strong> (from Brittany), \u003Cstrong>amber\u003C/strong> (from the Baltic), and \u003Cstrong>salt\u003C/strong>, all essential resources at the time\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This wealth enabled Massalia to found other colonies along the coast: \u003Cstrong>Nikaia\u003C/strong> (Nice), \u003Cstrong>Antipolis\u003C/strong> (Antibes), and \u003Cstrong>Agathē\u003C/strong> (Agde).\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧭 Pytheas: explorer of distant worlds\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Marseille was also a city of scholars. Around \u003Cstrong>325 BCE\u003C/strong>, the sailor \u003Cstrong>Pytheas\u003C/strong> embarked on an extraordinary journey. He passed through the Strait of Gibraltar, sailed to Britain, and possibly reached Iceland or Norway, describing for the first time the northern ice and the midnight sun.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p2ch1z3\">Zoom – Pytheas of Massalia: the explorer of the frozen seas\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Foundation of \u003Cstrong>Marseille (Massalia)\u003C/strong> around 600 BCE by Greeks from Phocaea\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Initial peaceful alliance between Greeks and Gauls\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Introduction of \u003Cstrong>vine\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>olive\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>coinage\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>writing\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Massalia became a major political and commercial power in the Mediterranean\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Jardin des Vestiges — © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Massaliote amphora — Robert Valette, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Old Port of Marseille — Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/\">CC BY 2.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📚 Sources\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Justin\u003C/strong> – \u003Cem>Epitome of the Philippic Histories\u003C/em> (Book XLIII)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Aristotle\u003C/strong> – \u003Cem>Constitution of the Massaliotes\u003C/em>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Museum of History of Marseille\u003C/strong> – Ancient collections and Jardin des Vestiges\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>INRAP\u003C/strong> – Marseille, 2,600 years of urban history\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Strabo\u003C/strong> – \u003Cem>Geography\u003C/em> (Book IV)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[20,23,26],{"id":21,"title":22},"p2ch1z1","The legend of Gyptis and Protis",{"id":24,"title":25},"p2ch1z2","The Wine and Olive Route",{"id":27,"title":28},"p2ch1z3","Pytheas: the Marseille explorer of the frozen seas","",true,false,"≈ –600 av. J.-C.","Massaliote amphora from the 4th century BCE. Source: Wikimedia Commons La fondation de Massalia et l'arrivée de la culture grecque en Gaule.","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch1.png",{"period":36,"chapters":41},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":37,"coverArtworkId":40},{"fileName":29,"filePageUrl":38,"imageUrl":39,"sourceLabel":14},"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal_in_Italy_by_Jacopo_Ripanda_-_Sala_di_Annibale_-_Palazzo_dei_Conservatori_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2).jpg","/assets/carousels/p2/Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg","hannibal-alpes",[42,44,50,57,64,71,78],{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":34,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":43,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":32,"realm":29,"ready":30},"La fondation de Massalia et l'arrivée de la culture grecque en Gaule.",{"id":45,"title":46,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":47,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":48,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":49,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch2","The Birth of the Gaulish World","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch2.png","Découvrez la civilisation gauloise : ses classes sociales, ses inventions géniales et ses dieux mystérieux.","≈ –500 à –400 av. J.-C.",{"id":51,"title":52,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":53,"thumbnailArtworkId":54,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":55,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":56,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch3","The Golden Age of the Gauls","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch3.jpg","cover-p2ch3","L'affrontement épique pour le destin de la Gaule, de Gergovie à Alésia.","≈ –400 à –200 av. J.-C.",{"id":58,"title":59,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":60,"thumbnailArtworkId":61,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":62,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":63,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch4","Gaul Faces Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch4.jpg","cover-p2ch4","In the 2nd century BCE, the balance of the Gaulish world began to shift.","≈ –200 à –58 av. J.-C.",{"id":65,"title":66,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":67,"thumbnailArtworkId":68,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":69,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":70,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch5","The Gallic Wars","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch5.jpg","cover-p2ch5","The Gallic Wars began in 58 BCE , when Julius Caesar took command of the Gallic provinces.","≈ –58 à –53 av. J.-C.",{"id":72,"title":73,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":74,"thumbnailArtworkId":75,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":76,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":77,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch6","La révolte de Vercingétorix","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch6.jpg","cover-p2ch6","En –52 av. J.-C. , la Gaule connaît le plus grand soulèvement de son histoire contre Rome.","≈ –52 av. J.-C.",{"id":79,"title":80,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":81,"thumbnailArtworkId":82,"hasEn":30,"isFallback":31,"teaser":83,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":84,"realm":29,"ready":30},"p2ch7","The End of Independent Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch7.jpeg","cover-p2ch7","After Vercingetorix’s defeat in 52 BCE , Gallic resistance did not disappear immediately.","≈ –51 av. J.-C.",1778543067626]