[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":82},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p2ch5:en":3,"chapters:p2:en":33},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p2","Antiquity","Antigüedad","≈ 600 BC → 51 BC","≈ 600 a. C. → 51 a. C.",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Alise-Sainte-Reine statue Vercingetorix par Millet.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alise-Sainte-Reine%20statue%20Vercingetorix%20par%20Millet.jpg","/assets/p2-antiquite-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":26,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":30,"realm":29,"seoDescription":31,"thumbnailUrl":32},"p2ch5","The Gallic Wars","\u003Cp>The Gallic Wars began in \u003Cstrong>58 BCE\u003C/strong>, when Julius Caesar took command of the Gallic provinces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The first years of the conflict (\u003Cstrong>58 to 53 BCE\u003C/strong>) were marked by a series of military campaigns that gradually allowed Rome to impose its authority over much of Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These operations pitted the Roman legions against various Gallic peoples, in a context of progressive conquest and local resistance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>58 BCE: the beginning of the war\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the spring of \u003Cstrong>58 BCE\u003C/strong>, Julius Caesar left Rome to take up his command in Gaul, granted by the \u003Cem>lex Vatinia\u003C/em>. He arrived at \u003Cstrong>Genava\u003C/strong> (Geneva) on March 28.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, the \u003Cstrong>Helvetii\u003C/strong>, accompanied by several other peoples (the Latobici, Rauraques, Tulingi, and Boii), began a migration westward toward the territory of the \u003Cstrong>Santones\u003C/strong>. This movement involved several hundred thousand people.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Concerned, the \u003Cstrong>Aedui\u003C/strong>, allies of Rome, requested Caesar’s intervention. Caesar prevented the Helvetii from crossing the Rhône at Genava by having the bridge destroyed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Helvetii then bypassed the obstacle by passing through the territory of the Sequani. Caesar pursued them and confronted them in \u003Cstrong>June 58 BCE\u003C/strong> at the battle of the \u003Cstrong>Arar\u003C/strong> (Saône), then in \u003Cstrong>July\u003C/strong> near \u003Cstrong>Bibracte\u003C/strong>. The Helvetii were defeated and forced to return to their homeland.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the same year, Caesar intervened against the Germanic leader \u003Cstrong>Ariovistus\u003C/strong>, who had settled in Gaul. After an attempted negotiation, the two armies clashed on \u003Cstrong>September 14, 58 BCE\u003C/strong>, probably in Alsace. Ariovistus was defeated and pushed back beyond the Rhine.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Campagne_Helv%C3%A8tes_-58.png\" alt=\"Helvetian campaign -58 - Source: Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Helvetian campaign -58 - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These operations marked the true beginning of the Gallic Wars and firmly established the Roman military presence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>57 BCE: the conquest of the north\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>57 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar campaigned against the peoples of northern Gaul, collectively known as the \u003Cstrong>Belgae\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the spring, they attacked the stronghold of \u003Cstrong>Bibrax\u003C/strong>, held by the \u003Cstrong>Remi\u003C/strong>, allies of Rome. Caesar intervened and forced the attackers to withdraw.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The armies then clashed near the river \u003Cstrong>Axona\u003C/strong> (Aisne). The Belgae, led in particular by the Suessionian chief \u003Cstrong>Galba\u003C/strong>, were repelled.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>July 57 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar faced a new coalition composed notably of the \u003Cstrong>Nervii\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Atrebates\u003C/strong>, at the battle of the \u003Cstrong>Sabis\u003C/strong> (probably the Sambre). The Roman legions were initially put under severe pressure, but they managed to regain the advantage and win the battle.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Campagne_Belges_-57.png\" alt=\"Belgic campaign -57 - Source: Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Belgic campaign -57 - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Following these campaigns, much of northern Gaul came under Roman control. Caesar notably recognized \u003Cstrong>Commius\u003C/strong> as king of the Atrebates.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>56 BCE: expansion of operations\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>56 BCE\u003C/strong>, military operations expanded into several regions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In Armorica, the \u003Cstrong>Veneti\u003C/strong> revolted and detained Roman envoys. Caesar organized a fleet under the command of \u003Cstrong>Decimus Brutus\u003C/strong>. The naval battle, probably fought in the \u003Cstrong>Gulf of Morbihan\u003C/strong>, ended with the destruction of the Venetic fleet and the submission of the region.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, the legate \u003Cstrong>Quintus Titurius Sabinus\u003C/strong> campaigned against several peoples of the west, notably the \u003Cstrong>Unelli\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Lexovii\u003C/strong>, and the \u003Cstrong>Aulerci Eburovices\u003C/strong>, whom he defeated in a land campaign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the south, \u003Cstrong>Publius Crassus\u003C/strong> led a campaign in \u003Cstrong>Aquitania\u003C/strong>. He fought the \u003Cstrong>Sotiates\u003C/strong>, led by King \u003Cstrong>Adiatuanos\u003C/strong>, and achieved a victory that extended Roman influence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Campagne_Aquitains_-56.png\" alt=\"Aquitanian campaign -56\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Aquitanian campaign -56 - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>By the end of the year, Germanic peoples, the \u003Cstrong>Usipetes\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Tencteri\u003C/strong>, had crossed the Rhine and settled on its left bank, maintaining pressure on the eastern frontier.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>55 BCE: operations on the Rhine and the first expedition to Britain\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>55 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar launched several operations aimed at securing the frontiers and demonstrating Roman power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the spring, he intervened against the Germanic peoples of the \u003Cstrong>Usipetes\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Tencteri\u003C/strong>, settled between the Meuse and the Rhine. After tensions and negotiations, the confrontation ended in a major defeat for these peoples, a large part of whom were annihilated.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Following this campaign, Caesar had a wooden bridge built over the \u003Cstrong>Rhine\u003C/strong>, probably in the region of present-day \u003Cstrong>Bonn\u003C/strong>. He crossed the river with his troops, carried out a show of force in Germanic territory, and returned to Gaul after a few days.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This operation was mainly political and strategic in scope: it aimed to deter further Germanic incursions and to demonstrate Rome’s ability to intervene beyond its frontiers.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>During the summer, Caesar prepared an expedition to \u003Cstrong>insular Britain\u003C/strong> (modern Great Britain), a land still little known to the Romans but suspected of supporting certain Gallic resistances.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The departure took place between \u003Cstrong>August 25 and 27\u003C/strong> from \u003Cstrong>Portus Itius\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Caesar relied in particular on \u003Cstrong>Commius\u003C/strong>, king of the \u003Cstrong>Atrebates\u003C/strong>, who took part in the preparations and acted as an intermediary with the local populations. Captured during the operations, he was later released. The Atrebates would subsequently become a client kingdom of Rome.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The expedition quickly encountered difficulties:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>resistance from local populations\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>complex logistics\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>storms\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>August 30 and 31\u003C/strong>, a storm damaged part of the Roman fleet.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The operation remained limited and did not establish lasting control over the territory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>In mid-September, Caesar returned to Gaul. His troops were distributed among winter quarters, mainly in \u003Cstrong>Gallia Belgica\u003C/strong>, while he himself returned to Cisalpine Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Jules_C%C3%A9sar._-55.gif\" alt=\"Campaign of 55 BCE - Source: Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Campaign of 55 BCE - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Thus, \u003Cstrong>55 BCE\u003C/strong> marked a phase of expansion and power projection, without durable territorial gains outside Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>54 BCE: expedition to Britain and revolts in Gaul\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Gaule_-54.png\" alt=\"Campaign of 54 BCE - Source: Wikimedia Commons\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Campaign of 54 BCE - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>54 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar continued operations on several fronts.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the spring, he first intervened against the \u003Cstrong>Treveri\u003C/strong>, a people of Belgic Gaul, in order to stabilize the region after internal tensions. This campaign followed his return from Illyria, where he had settled various conflicts.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>During the summer, Caesar launched a \u003Cstrong>second expedition to insular Britain\u003C/strong>, between July and September. Unlike the previous year, the operation involved larger forces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Romans confronted several British peoples, notably those led by \u003Cstrong>Cassivellaunus\u003C/strong>. After a series of clashes, he surrendered at the end of the summer.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cassivellaunus%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_version2.jpg\" alt=\"Cassivellaunus\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Cassivellaunus - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite this success, Caesar did not establish a lasting occupation. He left Britain and returned to Gaul on \u003Cstrong>September 20, 54 BCE\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ The revolt of the Eburones\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Shortly after his return, a revolt broke out in Belgic Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>Eburones\u003C/strong>, led by \u003Cstrong>Ambiorix\u003C/strong>, rose up against Roman occupation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ambiorix.jpg\" alt=\"Statue of Ambiorix\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Statue of Ambiorix - Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A Roman legion, commanded by the generals \u003Cstrong>Sabinus\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Cotta\u003C/strong>, was attacked and annihilated at the battle of \u003Cstrong>Aduatuca\u003C/strong>, probably in the region of Tongeren.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Both commanders were killed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This episode was one of the most serious setbacks suffered by Caesar in Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ Suppression of the uprisings\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Faced with this situation, Caesar reacted quickly.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>November 54 BCE\u003C/strong>, he led a campaign in Belgic Gaul to suppress the revolt of the \u003Cstrong>Eburones\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Nervii\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He notably managed to relieve the camp of his lieutenant \u003Cstrong>Quintus Cicero\u003C/strong>, besieged by the insurgents.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, \u003Cstrong>Titus Labienus\u003C/strong> conducted operations against the \u003Cstrong>Treveri\u003C/strong>, led by \u003Cstrong>Indutiomarus\u003C/strong>, and succeeded in containing their uprising.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ An unstable situation\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>54 BCE\u003C/strong> marked a turning point in the war.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite the successes in Britain, the situation in Gaul became more unstable:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>revolts multiplied\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>some Roman armies suffered heavy losses\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Rome’s authority was increasingly challenged\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These events announced a more difficult phase of the conflict for Caesar in the years that followed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>53 BCE: repression and reorganization of Gaul\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>53 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar undertook a series of operations intended to restore his authority after the revolts of the previous year.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the beginning of spring, he received reinforcements of \u003Cstrong>two legions\u003C/strong> sent by \u003Cstrong>Pompey\u003C/strong>, bringing the total number of legions under his command in Gaul to around ten. This increase in manpower allowed him to conduct simultaneous campaigns.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Caesar first campaigned against the \u003Cstrong>Nervii\u003C/strong>, devastating their territory. He then directed his operations against the \u003Cstrong>Eburones\u003C/strong>, responsible for the revolt led by \u003Cstrong>Ambiorix\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He successively fought several peoples allied with the Eburones, notably the \u003Cstrong>Menapii\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Treveri\u003C/strong>, defeating them separately. He then turned against the Germanic peoples who had supported the insurgents.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>As in the previous year, Caesar crossed the \u003Cstrong>Rhine\u003C/strong> after having a new bridge built. This expedition aimed to deter any Germanic assistance to the rebels. However, he did not pursue the \u003Cstrong>Suebi\u003C/strong>, who withdrew into forested areas that were difficult to access.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Caesar then resumed his campaign against the Eburones. He systematically devastated their territory, isolating their forces. \u003Cstrong>Ambiorix\u003C/strong> managed to escape capture.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ Assemblies and political control\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>April 53 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar summoned a general assembly of the Gallic peoples at \u003Cstrong>Samarobriva\u003C/strong> (Amiens). Three peoples refused to attend: the \u003Cstrong>Treveri\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Carnutes\u003C/strong>, and the \u003Cstrong>Senones\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Caesar dissolved the assembly and campaigned against these peoples, subduing them.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>During the summer, he continued his operations in forest regions, notably in the \u003Cstrong>Ardennes\u003C/strong>, still searching for Ambiorix, without succeeding in capturing him.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>In the autumn, Caesar convened a new assembly at \u003Cstrong>Durocortorum\u003C/strong> (Reims). This meeting, known as the \u003Cstrong>concilium Galliae\u003C/strong>, was intended to judge those responsible for the revolts, particularly among the Senones and Carnutes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The legions were then distributed into winter quarters in several regions, notably among the \u003Cstrong>Lingones\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Senones\u003C/strong>, close to recently pacified areas.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Caesar finally returned to Cisalpine Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ A strengthened but fragile domination\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>53 BCE\u003C/strong> was marked by severe repression of the revolts and a political reorganization of the territory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Although Roman authority was reaffirmed, tensions remained strong. Several Gallic peoples, subdued but hostile, retained the capacity to resist.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These events prepared the general uprising that would erupt the following year.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🔍 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The Gallic Wars lasted from \u003Cstrong>58 to 51 BCE\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Caesar successively fought the Helvetii, the Belgae, and several Gallic peoples\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The conquest progressed through successive campaigns\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Roman domination advanced step by step between \u003Cstrong>58 and 53 BCE\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Major revolts began to appear from \u003Cstrong>54 BCE\u003C/strong> onward\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>✨ Conclusion\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Between \u003Cstrong>58 and 53 BCE\u003C/strong>, Caesar gradually extended Roman influence over a large part of Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite these successes, Roman domination remained fragile. Revolts multiplied, and several Gallic peoples challenged Roman authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On the eve of \u003Cstrong>52 BCE\u003C/strong>, the situation was unstable.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A large-scale uprising was taking shape.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>It would be led by a chief capable of uniting the Gauls against Rome.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Helvetian campaign -58: User:Coldeel, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Belgic campaign -57: User:Coldeel, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Aquitanian campaign -56: User:Coldeel, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Campaign of 55 BCE: J.C EVEN, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Cassivellaunus: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library., CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Campaign of 54 BCE: User:Cristiano64 (Transferred by User:Coldeel/Originally uploaded by Cristiano64 (it)), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Statue of Ambiorix: I, ArtMechanic, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[20,23],{"id":21,"title":22},"p2ch5z3","The Surrender: Myth and Reality",{"id":24,"title":25},"p2ch5z4","The Tribal Map: who lived where?","cover-p2ch5",true,false,"","≈ –58 à –53 av. J.-C.","The Gallic Wars began in 58 BCE , when Julius Caesar took command of the Gallic provinces. Timeline, key actors, and consequences are clearly explained.","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch5.jpg",{"period":34,"chapters":39},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":35,"coverArtworkId":38},{"fileName":29,"filePageUrl":36,"imageUrl":37,"sourceLabel":14},"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal_in_Italy_by_Jacopo_Ripanda_-_Sala_di_Annibale_-_Palazzo_dei_Conservatori_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2).jpg","/assets/carousels/p2/Huns_by_Rochegrosse_2.jpg","hannibal-alpes",[40,46,52,59,66,68,75],{"id":41,"title":42,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":43,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":44,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":45,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch1","Marseille and the Phocaeans","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch1.png","La fondation de Massalia et l'arrivée de la culture grecque en Gaule.","≈ –600 av. J.-C.",{"id":47,"title":48,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":49,"thumbnailArtworkId":29,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":50,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":51,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch2","The Birth of the Gaulish World","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch2.png","Découvrez la civilisation gauloise : ses classes sociales, ses inventions géniales et ses dieux mystérieux.","≈ –500 à –400 av. J.-C.",{"id":53,"title":54,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":55,"thumbnailArtworkId":56,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":57,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":58,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch3","The Golden Age of the Gauls","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch3.jpg","cover-p2ch3","L'affrontement épique pour le destin de la Gaule, de Gergovie à Alésia.","≈ –400 à –200 av. J.-C.",{"id":60,"title":61,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":62,"thumbnailArtworkId":63,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":64,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":65,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch4","Gaul Faces Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch4.jpg","cover-p2ch4","In the 2nd century BCE, the balance of the Gaulish world began to shift.","≈ –200 à –58 av. J.-C.",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":32,"thumbnailArtworkId":26,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":67,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":30,"realm":29,"ready":27},"The Gallic Wars began in 58 BCE , when Julius Caesar took command of the Gallic provinces.",{"id":69,"title":70,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":71,"thumbnailArtworkId":72,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":73,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":74,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch6","La révolte de Vercingétorix","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch6.jpg","cover-p2ch6","En –52 av. J.-C. , la Gaule connaît le plus grand soulèvement de son histoire contre Rome.","≈ –52 av. J.-C.",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":79,"hasEn":27,"isFallback":28,"teaser":80,"coverFit":29,"coverPosition":29,"chronicle":81,"realm":29,"ready":27},"p2ch7","The End of Independent Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p2ch7.jpeg","cover-p2ch7","After Vercingetorix’s defeat in 52 BCE , Gallic resistance did not disappear immediately.","≈ –51 av. J.-C.",1778543067767]