[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":229},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch10:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":49},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":46,"realm":43,"seoDescription":47,"thumbnailUrl":48},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","\u003Cp>When \u003Cstrong>Pepin of Herstal\u003C/strong> dies in \u003Cstrong>714\u003C/strong>, he leaves behind immense power… but a fragile one. The Frankish realm is still officially Merovingian, yet real authority now rests on the \u003Cstrong>Pippinid\u003C/strong> family and the office of \u003Cstrong>mayor of the palace\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Pepin’s succession immediately triggers a crisis. Several aristocratic factions try to control the government, while Neustria seeks to free itself from Austrasian domination.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the middle of this storm appears \u003Cstrong>Charles Martel\u003C/strong>, Pepin’s natural son by \u003Cstrong>Alpaida\u003C/strong>. An energetic war leader and a skilled political strategist, he gradually transforms uncertain power into durable domination.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles never becomes king. Yet for nearly thirty years, he rules the Frankish kingdom as its true master.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His era is decisive: Pippinid power ceases to be a political accident and becomes a \u003Cstrong>dynastic construction\u003C/strong>, preparing the rise of the Carolingians.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal%2C_714.jpg\" alt=\"The kingdom of the Franks in 714\">\n\u003Cem>The kingdom of the Franks in 714 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧨 714–717: the succession crisis\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Pepin’s death, succession should have gone to his grandson \u003Cstrong>Theudoald\u003C/strong>, still a child. The regency is led by \u003Cstrong>Plectrude\u003C/strong>, Pepin’s widow, who tries to preserve the family inheritance from \u003Cstrong>Cologne\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles Martel is sidelined and even \u003Cstrong>imprisoned\u003C/strong> by Plectrude’s faction.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the situation deteriorates rapidly.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>Neustria\u003C/strong>, the mayor of the palace \u003Cstrong>Ragenfrid\u003C/strong> allies with the Merovingian king \u003Cstrong>Chilperic II\u003C/strong> and tries to regain control of the realm. Provinces use the confusion to assert autonomy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles escapes in \u003Cstrong>715\u003C/strong> and gathers support among Austrasian aristocrats. He then wins a series of decisive campaigns:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>716 — battle of Amblève\u003C/strong>: first major victory over the Neustrians\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>717 — battle of Vinchy\u003C/strong>: Charles crushes Ragenfrid’s forces\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>717 — capture of Cologne\u003C/strong>: Plectrude capitulates and hands over the royal treasure\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>From this moment, Charles becomes \u003Cstrong>the true master of Pippinid power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z5\">Zoom – Plectrude and Theudoald: how Charles Martel takes over (714–717)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⏳ Timeline of a strongman\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>714\u003C/strong>: death of Pepin of Herstal\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>715–719\u003C/strong>: Charles defeats rivals and consolidates power\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>720s\u003C/strong>: campaigns against Saxons, Bavarians, and Alamanni\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>732\u003C/strong>: battle of \u003Cstrong>Tours / Poitiers\u003C/strong> against an army from al‑Andalus\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>737\u003C/strong>: death of the Merovingian king \u003Cstrong>Theuderic IV\u003C/strong>; Charles governs without a king\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>741\u003C/strong>: death of Charles Martel at \u003Cstrong>Quierzy\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 716: Amblève, Charles’s first major victory\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charles’s first great victory comes in \u003Cstrong>716\u003C/strong>, at the \u003Cstrong>battle of Amblève\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After escaping captivity, Charles initially suffers a setback at \u003Cstrong>Cologne\u003C/strong> against the coalition of Merovingian king \u003Cstrong>Chilperic II\u003C/strong>, Neustrian mayor \u003Cstrong>Ragenfrid\u003C/strong>, and their ally \u003Cstrong>Radbod I\u003C/strong>, duke of the Frisians.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Forced to retreat, Charles withdraws into the \u003Cstrong>Eifel\u003C/strong> mountains to regroup. Many Austrasians, hostile to Neustrian domination, rally to him. To them, Charles appears as \u003Cstrong>the last leader capable of defending Pippinid power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In spring \u003Cstrong>716\u003C/strong>, Charles goes on the offensive. Near the confluence of the \u003Cstrong>Amblève\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Ourthe\u003C/strong>, he uses a bold tactic: he \u003Cstrong>feigns retreat\u003C/strong> to draw the enemy out of its position. When the coalition pursues, Charles suddenly turns back. The Austrasians set an \u003Cstrong>ambush\u003C/strong> and strike the disorganised army.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The surprise is total. According to the \u003Cstrong>Annals of Metz\u003C/strong>, Neustrian losses are heavy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Amblève is decisive:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>it restores confidence among Charles’s supporters\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>it marks the start of a long series of military successes\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Charles’s strategic talent appears here for the first time.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 717: the battle of Vinchy\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Amblève restores strength to the Austrasian party, but civil war continues. Chilperic II and Ragenfrid reorganise in Neustria.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles knows victory will only last if he breaks the Neustrian coalition decisively. In spring \u003Cstrong>717\u003C/strong>, he takes the war into Neustrian territory. The armies meet near \u003Cstrong>Vinchy\u003C/strong>, close to Cambrai, on \u003Cstrong>21 March 717\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles wins a \u003Cstrong>crushing victory\u003C/strong>. Chilperic II and Ragenfrid flee, pursued as far as the outskirts of \u003Cstrong>Paris\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After Vinchy, Charles proclaims \u003Cstrong>Chlothar IV\u003C/strong> king of Austrasia to oppose a rival sovereign to Chilperic II. He also installs loyal men in key positions, notably replacing the archbishop of \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong>, Rigobert, with \u003Cstrong>Milo of Trier\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>719\u003C/strong>, Charles defeats his enemies again at \u003Cstrong>Néry\u003C/strong>. Opposition collapses: Ragenfrid withdraws to \u003Cstrong>Angers\u003C/strong>, while Duke \u003Cstrong>Eudes of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> eventually hands Chilperic II over to Charles.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles then makes a skilful political move: after Chlothar IV dies, he recognises Chilperic II as \u003Cstrong>the sole king of the Franks\u003C/strong>. The king keeps the crown, but real power now belongs to the mayor of the palace.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Vinchy is therefore a major turning point: Charles becomes \u003Cstrong>the master of the Frankish kingdom\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏰 717: the capture of Cologne\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Vinchy, one last obstacle remains: \u003Cstrong>Cologne\u003C/strong>, where Plectrude has entrenched herself with the \u003Cstrong>royal treasure\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles marches on the city. With military pressure and little support left, \u003Cstrong>Plectrude capitulates\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>She hands over:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Pepin’s treasure, essential to finance armies and alliances\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>recognition of Charles’s authority in Austrasia\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>From then on, Charles is no longer a rebel leader: he appears as the real heir of Pippinid power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ A method: army, Church, and networks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charles understands power no longer rests only on royal legitimacy. He builds authority on three pillars.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>🛡️ The army\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Charles is above all a \u003Cstrong>military leader\u003C/strong>. Victories allow him to rally Frankish warriors and impose authority on rebellious regions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He leads many campaigns:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>against the \u003Cstrong>Saxons\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>against the \u003Cstrong>Alamanni\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>against the \u003Cstrong>Bavarians\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in southern Gaul\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These wars reinforce cohesion and prestige.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>🏛️ Aristocracies\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Charles relies on alliances with great families. He distributes \u003Cstrong>lands and benefices\u003C/strong> to loyal men, consolidating a system of personal loyalty that foreshadows later medieval structures.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⛪ The Church\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Charles also seeks ecclesiastical support. He maintains close relations with religious reformers and supports the missionary \u003Cstrong>Boniface\u003C/strong>, who reorganises the Church in Germanic regions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This alliance between political power and religious authority becomes a key pillar of Carolingian government.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z2\">Zoom – Boniface: reform the Church to stabilise the kingdom\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🛡️ 732: Poitiers/Tours, between history and legend\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The most famous episode of Charles Martel’s rule is the battle known as \u003Cstrong>Poitiers\u003C/strong> (or \u003Cstrong>Tours\u003C/strong>) in \u003Cstrong>October 732\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After the Muslim conquest of Iberia (from \u003Cstrong>711\u003C/strong>), forces from \u003Cstrong>al‑Andalus\u003C/strong> regularly cross the Pyrenees. These expeditions are often \u003Cstrong>raids and plunder\u003C/strong> rather than durable conquests. They affect Septimania and southern Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>By the early 8th century, incursions go deeper. \u003Cstrong>Narbonne\u003C/strong>, conquered around \u003Cstrong>719–720\u003C/strong>, becomes a strategic base north of the Pyrenees.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In this context, Duke \u003Cstrong>Eudes (Odo) of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> resists, winning at \u003Cstrong>Toulouse (721)\u003C/strong>, but pressure remains strong.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Around \u003Cstrong>732\u003C/strong>, the governor of al‑Andalus, \u003Cstrong>ʿAbd al‑Rahman al‑Ghafiqi\u003C/strong>, leads a major expedition that ravages Aquitaine and moves toward the Loire valley, threatening the region of \u003Cstrong>Tours\u003C/strong> and the wealthy monastery of \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Martin\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Unable to resist alone, Eudes asks \u003Cstrong>Charles Martel\u003C/strong> for help.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ The battle\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The armies meet somewhere between Tours and Poitiers. Medieval sources describe the Franks as \u003Cstrong>heavy infantry\u003C/strong>, holding a strong defensive position. During fierce fighting, \u003Cstrong>ʿAbd al‑Rahman is killed\u003C/strong>, and the Andalusi army withdraws at night.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>📜 A symbolic victory\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The victory boosts Charles’s prestige, showing his capacity to mobilise and coordinate defence. But modern historians nuance the later narrative:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>raids from al‑Andalus continue after 732\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Narbonne remains under Andalusi control until \u003Cstrong>759\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Poitiers is thus an important strategic victory, but also a battle whose meaning was amplified by later memory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z1\">Zoom – Poitiers 732: a battle, a symbol\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z4\">Zoom – 711–732: al‑Andalus, Narbonne, and raids north of the Pyrenees\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌍 Southern campaigns (735–739)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Poitiers (732), southern Gaul remains unstable. Andalusi presence north of the Pyrenees persists in \u003Cstrong>Septimania\u003C/strong>, especially around \u003Cstrong>Narbonne\u003C/strong>. The situation is complicated by local political rivalries: some elites in \u003Cstrong>Provence\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Rhône\u003C/strong> valley seek autonomy and may ally with outside forces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>735\u003C/strong>, Charles intervenes to restore Frankish authority. Objectives include:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>preventing Andalusi forces from moving north\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>breaking alliances between local elites and external powers\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>securing strategic routes linking the Rhône valley, Burgundy, and Austrasia\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Between \u003Cstrong>736 and 739\u003C/strong>, Charles leads expeditions in Provence and Septimania, retaking cities and strongholds and weakening hostile networks. He sometimes seeks outside support, notably from the \u003Cstrong>Lombards\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Yet \u003Cstrong>Narbonne\u003C/strong> remains out of reach and becomes a durable frontier. It will be retaken only in \u003Cstrong>759\u003C/strong>, under Charles’s son \u003Cstrong>Pepin the Short\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z6\">Zoom – 735–739: Provence, Septimania, and the Rhône war\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🐎 A new military organisation\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>To maintain his army, Charles develops a system of land redistribution called \u003Cstrong>beneficium\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These lands are granted to warriors and aristocrats in exchange for military service. The system strengthens elite loyalty and supports a more mobile, better equipped army.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>It is not yet the classical feudalism of the central Middle Ages, but it is one of its \u003Cstrong>institutional beginnings\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z7\">Zoom – Benefices, the Church, and mounted warriors: Charles’s “military reform”\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 Ruling without a king (737–741)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>737\u003C/strong>, after Merovingian king \u003Cstrong>Theuderic IV\u003C/strong> dies, Charles makes a decisive choice: he \u003Cstrong>does not immediately appoint a new king\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For several years, the Frankish kingdom functions \u003Cstrong>without an official king\u003C/strong>, proof that real authority now belongs to the mayor of the palace.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z3\">Zoom – 737–743: when the kingdom functions without a king\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏰 Toward the Carolingian dynasty\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>When Charles dies in \u003Cstrong>741\u003C/strong>, he leaves consolidated power and a political structure ready to become dynastic.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His sons share authority:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong> in Austrasia\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pepin the Short\u003C/strong> in Neustria\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>743\u003C/strong>, they reinstall a Merovingian king, \u003Cstrong>Childeric III\u003C/strong>, to provide a façade of legitimacy. But the transformation is already underway: in \u003Cstrong>751\u003C/strong>, Pepin will be crowned king, officially ending the Merovingians and inaugurating the \u003Cstrong>Carolingian\u003C/strong> dynasty.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch10z8\">Zoom – 737–754: from an empty throne to Pepin’s coronation\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Charles Martel\u003C/strong> rules the Frankish kingdom without being king.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He stabilises the Pippinid inheritance through victories and aristocratic networks.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Poitiers (732)\u003C/strong> boosts his prestige, but the southern frontier remains active.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Military and ecclesiastical alliances help prepare the Carolingian dynasty.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His death in \u003Cstrong>741\u003C/strong> opens the way to \u003Cstrong>Pepin the Short\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Francia at the death of Pepin of Heristal, 714 — Paul Vidal de La Blache, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Battle of Poitiers — Charles de Steuben, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch10z1","Poitiers 732: One Battle, One Symbol",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch10z2","Boniface: Reform the Church to Govern the Kingdom",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch10z3","737–743: When the Kingdom Works Without a King",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch10z4","711–732: al‑Andalus, Narbonne, and Raids North of the Pyrenees",{"id":32,"title":33},"p4ch10z5","Plectrude and Theudoald: How Charles Martel Takes Over (714–717)",{"id":35,"title":36},"p4ch10z6","735–739: Provence, Septimania, and the Rhône War",{"id":38,"title":39},"p4ch10z7","Benefices, the Church, and Mounted Warriors: Charles’s “Military Reform”",{"id":41,"title":42},"p4ch10z8","737–754: From an Empty Throne to Pepin’s Coronation","",true,false,"714 à 741","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc. When Pepin of Herstal dies in 714 , he leaves behind immense power… but a fragile one. The","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png",{"period":50,"chapters":54},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":51,"coverArtworkId":53},{"fileName":43,"filePageUrl":43,"imageUrl":52,"sourceLabel":43},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[55,61,68,75,81,87,93,99,106,112,119,125,131,137,143,149,151,157,163,169,175,181,187,193,199,205,211,217,223],{"id":56,"title":57,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":58,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":59,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":60,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":62,"title":63,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":64,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":65,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":66,"realm":67,"ready":44},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":69,"title":70,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":71,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":72,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":73,"realm":74,"ready":44},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":72,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":79,"realm":80,"ready":44},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":82,"title":83,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":84,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":85,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":86,"realm":67,"ready":44},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":88,"title":89,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":90,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":91,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":92,"realm":67,"ready":44},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":94,"title":95,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":96,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":97,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":98,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":100,"title":101,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":102,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":103,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":104,"realm":105,"ready":44},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":107,"title":108,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":109,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":110,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":111,"realm":67,"ready":44},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":113,"title":114,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":115,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":116,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":117,"realm":118,"ready":44},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":123,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":124,"realm":80,"ready":44},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":126,"title":127,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":128,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":129,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":130,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":132,"title":133,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":134,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":135,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":136,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":138,"title":139,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":140,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":141,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":142,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":144,"title":145,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":146,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":147,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":148,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":48,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":150,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":46,"realm":43,"ready":44},"Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.",{"id":152,"title":153,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":154,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":155,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":156,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":158,"title":159,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":160,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":161,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":162,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":164,"title":165,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":166,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":167,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":168,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":170,"title":171,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":172,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":173,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":174,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":176,"title":177,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":178,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":179,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":180,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":182,"title":183,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":184,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":185,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":186,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":188,"title":189,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":190,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":191,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":192,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":194,"title":195,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":196,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":197,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":198,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":200,"title":201,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":202,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":203,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":204,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":206,"title":207,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":208,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":209,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":210,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":212,"title":213,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":214,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":215,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":216,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":218,"title":219,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":220,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":221,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":222,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":224,"title":225,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":226,"thumbnailArtworkId":43,"hasEn":44,"isFallback":45,"teaser":227,"coverFit":43,"coverPosition":43,"chronicle":228,"realm":43,"ready":44},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069067]