[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":232},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch11:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":52},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":49,"realm":46,"seoDescription":50,"thumbnailUrl":51},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","\u003Cp>When \u003Cstrong>Charles Martel\u003C/strong> dies in \u003Cstrong>741\u003C/strong>, power in the Frankish kingdom does not return to a Merovingian king: it passes to his sons.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For decades, real authority has belonged to the \u003Cstrong>mayors of the palace\u003C/strong>, while Merovingian kings play only a symbolic role. The Merovingian dynasty still exists, but power now lies with the \u003Cstrong>Pippinids\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The man who will transform this situation — de facto power — into \u003Cstrong>legal and dynastic power\u003C/strong> is \u003Cstrong>Pepin the Short\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At first, Pepin does not rule alone. He shares authority with his brother \u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong>. Together, they stabilise the kingdom, reorganise the Frankish Church, and reinstall a Merovingian king to maintain appearances. But within a few years, they prepare a decisive transformation: \u003Cstrong>taking the crown for their own family\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧭 741: inheriting power without a throne\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Les_Royaumes_Francs_en_741.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the Frankish realms in 741\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Map of the Frankish realms in 741 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After Charles Martel’s death, the kingdom is already governed by the Pippinids.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Authority is shared between his two sons:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong>, who dominates \u003Cstrong>Austrasia\u003C/strong>, Alamannia, and Bavaria\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pepin\u003C/strong>, who controls \u003Cstrong>Neustria\u003C/strong>, Burgundy, and Provence\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Since \u003Cstrong>737\u003C/strong>, there has been no active Merovingian king. The two brothers therefore rule as \u003Cstrong>mayors of the palace\u003C/strong>, without immediately restoring the monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They still face major challenges:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>maintaining authority over great aristocratic families\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>containing revolts in Germania and Aquitaine\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>stabilising borders\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z1\">Zoom – 741: the split between Carloman and Pepin\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🪞 743: the return of a Merovingian king (without power)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>743\u003C/strong>, Carloman and Pepin decide to restore a royal figure. They place \u003Cstrong>Childeric III\u003C/strong>, the last representative of the Merovingian line, on the throne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Signol_-_Childeric_III.png\" alt=\"Childeric III\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Childeric III — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This is not a return to traditional monarchy: it is a pragmatic political choice.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The presence of a king allows them to:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>maintain \u003Cstrong>symbolic continuity\u003C/strong> with the old dynasty\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>reassure regional \u003Cstrong>aristocracies\u003C/strong> attached to traditional forms of power\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>give a legitimate façade to decisions made by the mayors of the palace\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In reality, nothing changes:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>political decisions are made by \u003Cstrong>Pepin and Carloman\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the Frankish army is commanded by them\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>administration depends on their network of counts and loyal men\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Childeric III does not govern: he reigns \u003Cstrong>only in appearance\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Later chroniclers will call these late sovereigns the “\u003Cstrong>do‑nothing kings\u003C/strong>”. The image is partly exaggerated, but it reflects a political reality: Merovingian monarchy no longer directs the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z2\">Zoom – Childeric III: a façade king (743–751)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⛪ Reforming the Frankish Church\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>For Pepin and Carloman, ruling the kingdom is not only a matter of armies and aristocracies. They also need to stabilise one of the great institutions of the Frankish world: \u003Cstrong>the Church\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the early 8th century, the Frankish Church is powerful but often disorganised. Some bishoprics are controlled by aristocratic families, rules are applied unevenly, and several dioceses lack real supervision.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The brothers understand that a stable kingdom must rely on a \u003Cstrong>better structured and more disciplined Church\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They work with a major figure: the Anglo‑Saxon missionary \u003Cstrong>Boniface\u003C/strong> (Wynfrith), supported by the papacy. Boniface becomes a precious ally for Carolingian power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/SaintBoniface.jpg\" alt=\"Saint Boniface\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Boniface — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>With his help, Pepin and Carloman launch a series of ecclesiastical reforms:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>reorganising dioceses and appointing bishops closer to royal power\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>strengthening episcopal authority to impose stricter discipline\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>gathering synods and councils to correct abuses and restore Church rules\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>founding and reforming monasteries, which become centres of prayer, teaching, and administration\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These measures help structure the kingdom, since bishops and abbots also play political and administrative roles.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Reform also brings the Frankish kingdom closer to the \u003Cstrong>papacy\u003C/strong>, which sees the Pippinids as potential protectors of the Church in the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Thus a durable alliance takes shape:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>the Carolingians strengthen the Frankish Church, and the Church in return helps \u003Cstrong>legitimise their power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧎 747: Carloman withdraws\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>747\u003C/strong>, an unexpected event changes the balance of power: \u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong> decides to withdraw from political life.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Since 741, the brothers have ruled together. Carloman dominates Austrasia and the East, while Pepin controls Neustria, Burgundy, and much of the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Carloman has been an energetic leader: he helps stabilise the kingdom after early‑740s unrest, fights revolts in Germania, and supports the reforms led with Boniface.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the exercise of power is also marked by tensions, violence, and aristocratic rivalries. In this context, Carloman makes a radical decision: he \u003Cstrong>voluntarily renounces power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He leaves his office and retires to monastic life, first at \u003Cstrong>Monte Cassino\u003C/strong> in Italy, then spending time in \u003Cstrong>Rome\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Carloman’s departure immediately transforms the kingdom. Pepin becomes the \u003Cstrong>sole centre of decision\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This concentration makes the next step possible: if one man already governs, why keep a Merovingian king who does not decide?\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z3\">Zoom – 747: Carloman leaves power\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 751: the end of the Merovingians\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>By the mid‑8th century, \u003Cstrong>Pepin the Short\u003C/strong> already holds real power: he leads armies, controls administration, and arbitrates politics. Merovingian king \u003Cstrong>Childeric III\u003C/strong> is a symbolic figure, maintained for appearances.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But governing in the name of a powerless king remains fragile. Pepin seeks to transform de facto power into \u003Cstrong>legitimate power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>According to Frankish tradition, Pepin consults Pope \u003Cstrong>Zachary\u003C/strong> on a decisive question:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cblockquote>\n\u003Cp>“Who should be king: the one who bears the title, or the one who truly exercises power?”\u003C/p>\n\u003C/blockquote>\n\u003Cp>The answer attributed to the pope is clear: it is better that the one who exercises authority also wear the crown.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>751\u003C/strong>, the great men of the kingdom — aristocrats and bishops — gather and proclaim Pepin \u003Cstrong>king of the Franks\u003C/strong>, at \u003Cstrong>Soissons\u003C/strong>, where he receives royal anointing.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, \u003Cstrong>Childeric III\u003C/strong> is deposed. He is \u003Cstrong>tonsured\u003C/strong> and sent to a monastery. Among the Merovingians, long hair is a core symbol of kingship: cutting it signifies the definitive loss of royal dignity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Le_dernier_des_M%C3%A9rovingiens_-_Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-Joconde_04400000403.jpg\" alt=\"Tonsure of Childeric III\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Monks cutting the hair of Childeric III — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This marks the official end of the \u003Cstrong>Merovingian dynasty\u003C/strong>, ruling since \u003Cstrong>Clovis\u003C/strong> in the early 6th century.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For the first time in Frankish history, real power and the crown are united in the same hands.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z4\">Zoom – 751–754: from the political move to the anointing\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>✝️ 754: papal anointing\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>754\u003C/strong>, Pepin’s legitimacy is reinforced in an exceptional way: Pope \u003Cstrong>Stephen II\u003C/strong> crosses the Alps to meet the Frankish king, seeking a new protector against the \u003Cstrong>Lombards\u003C/strong> while Byzantium can no longer effectively protect Rome.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Denis\u003C/strong>, Stephen II anoints Pepin as king of the Franks, strengthening the religious legitimacy of the new dynasty.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He also blesses Pepin’s two sons:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong> (future Charlemagne)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>and grants Pepin the title \u003Cstrong>patricius Romanorum\u003C/strong>, making him the official protector of Rome and the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Couronnement_de_P%C3%A9pin_le_Bref_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois_08266.jpg\" alt=\"Stephen II crowns Pepin\">\n\u003Cem>Stephen II crowns Pepin — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This alliance between the \u003Cstrong>papacy and the Carolingians\u003C/strong> becomes central in medieval European history and prepares Charlemagne’s rise.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🤝 753–756: alliance with the papacy\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The alliance becomes concrete \u003Cstrong>military and political cooperation\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In Italy, the Lombard king \u003Cstrong>Aistulf\u003C/strong> threatens Rome and has taken \u003Cstrong>Ravenna\u003C/strong> in 751. Stephen II therefore crosses the Alps in 753 to seek Pepin’s help.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Pepin intervenes in Italy twice:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>755\u003C/strong>: first campaign; Aistulf submits and promises to restore territories\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>756\u003C/strong>: second campaign after Aistulf breaks his promises; Pepin imposes decisive victory\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>After these interventions, Pepin makes a historic choice: instead of returning conquered lands to Byzantium, he gives them to the pope.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This act is known as the \u003Cstrong>Donation of Pepin\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Donation_de_P%C3%A9pin_le_Bref_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Denis_en_768._-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-33.jpg\" alt=\"Donation of Pepin\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Donation of Pepin — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These territories form the core of the future \u003Cstrong>Papal States\u003C/strong>. For the first time, the pope becomes not only head of the Church but also sovereign of a political territory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z5\">Zoom – Donation of Pepin: papacy, Lombards, and the Papal States (753–756)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏹 760–768: the war in Aquitaine\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Pepin’s main internal challenge lies in the southwest: \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, ruled for generations by powerful dukes seeking autonomy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>When Pepin becomes king (751), Duke \u003Cstrong>Waiofar (Waïfre)\u003C/strong> refuses to fully recognise the new Carolingian dynasty. Supported by local elites and a difficult terrain of valleys, forests, and fortresses, he resists.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>760\u003C/strong>, Pepin launches repeated campaigns to subdue the region:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>capturing and destroying fortresses used as bases of resistance\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>progressively occupying cities and political centres\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>punitive expeditions meant to break the duke’s support\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>768\u003C/strong>, Waïfre is captured and killed, likely under Frankish pressure. Organised resistance collapses and Aquitaine is more firmly integrated into the Frankish kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z6\">Zoom – Waïfre and the war of Aquitaine (760–768)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌊 759: Narbonne and the end of Muslim Septimania\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>759\u003C/strong>, Pepin’s troops capture \u003Cstrong>Narbonne\u003C/strong>, the last major stronghold controlled by forces from \u003Cstrong>al‑Andalus\u003C/strong> north of the Pyrenees.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Muslim presence in the region dates back to \u003Cstrong>719–720\u003C/strong>, when Septimania fell and Narbonne became a strategic base for expeditions into Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles Martel campaigned in the south in the \u003Cstrong>730s\u003C/strong>, but Narbonne remained firmly held. Under Pepin, efforts intensify in the \u003Cstrong>750s\u003C/strong> to isolate the city.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The siege is long. Narbonne’s fortifications and maritime access complicate the blockade. But the garrison is gradually weakened, and some local \u003Cstrong>Gothic\u003C/strong> groups rally to the Franks.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>With Narbonne’s fall, Andalusi domination north of the Pyrenees ends. The victory secures the southern frontier and gives the Carolingians control of a key point between the Mediterranean and inland Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z7\">Zoom – Narbonne 759: Septimania shifts\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👥 768: succession\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Pepin dies in \u003Cstrong>768\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Following Frankish tradition, the kingdom is shared between his two sons:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong> (future Charlemagne)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This division opens a new phase. Within a few years, Charles will impose himself as master of the kingdom and usher Europe into the Carolingian age.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch11z9\">Zoom – 768: dividing the kingdom and rival heirs\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Pepin the Short transforms Pippinid de facto power into \u003Cstrong>royal power\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>In \u003Cstrong>751\u003C/strong>, he deposes the last Merovingian and becomes king.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The papal anointing of \u003Cstrong>754\u003C/strong> founds a durable alliance between Carolingians and the papacy.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His reign consolidates the kingdom and prepares \u003Cstrong>Charlemagne’s\u003C/strong> rise.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Frankish realms in 741 — Thomas Lienhard, CC BY 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Childeric III — Émile Signol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Saint Boniface — John Gilmary Shea, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Tonsure of Childeric III — Évariste‑Vital Luminais, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Coronation of Pepin — François Dubois, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Donation of Pepin — Archives nationales, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch11z1","741: The Split Between Carloman and Pepin",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch11z2","Childeric III: A Façade King (743–751)",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch11z3","747: Carloman Withdraws",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch11z4","751–754: From the Political Move to the Anointing",{"id":32,"title":33},"p4ch11z5","Donation of Pepin: Papacy, Lombards, and the Papal States (753–756)",{"id":35,"title":36},"p4ch11z6","Waïfre and the War of Aquitaine (760–768)",{"id":38,"title":39},"p4ch11z7","Narbonne 759: Septimania Shifts",{"id":41,"title":42},"p4ch11z8","Governing Through Counts and the Church: A Carolingian Mechanism",{"id":44,"title":45},"p4ch11z9","768: Dividing the Kingdom and Rival Heirs","",true,false,"741 à 768","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté. When Charles Martel dies in 741 , power in the Frankish kingdom does not return to a Merovingian","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png",{"period":53,"chapters":57},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":54,"coverArtworkId":56},{"fileName":46,"filePageUrl":46,"imageUrl":55,"sourceLabel":46},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[58,64,71,78,84,90,96,102,109,115,122,128,134,140,146,152,158,160,166,172,178,184,190,196,202,208,214,220,226],{"id":59,"title":60,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":61,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":62,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":63,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":65,"title":66,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":67,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":68,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":69,"realm":70,"ready":47},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":72,"title":73,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":74,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":75,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":76,"realm":77,"ready":47},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":79,"title":80,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":81,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":75,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":82,"realm":83,"ready":47},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":85,"title":86,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":87,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":88,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":89,"realm":70,"ready":47},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":91,"title":92,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":93,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":94,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":95,"realm":70,"ready":47},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":97,"title":98,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":99,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":100,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":101,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":103,"title":104,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":105,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":106,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":107,"realm":108,"ready":47},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":110,"title":111,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":112,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":113,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":114,"realm":70,"ready":47},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":116,"title":117,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":118,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":119,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":120,"realm":121,"ready":47},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":123,"title":124,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":125,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":126,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":127,"realm":83,"ready":47},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":129,"title":130,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":131,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":132,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":133,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":135,"title":136,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":137,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":138,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":139,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":141,"title":142,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":143,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":144,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":145,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":147,"title":148,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":149,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":150,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":151,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":153,"title":154,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":155,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":156,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":157,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":51,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":159,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":49,"realm":46,"ready":47},"Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.",{"id":161,"title":162,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":163,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":164,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":165,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":167,"title":168,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":169,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":170,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":171,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":173,"title":174,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":175,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":176,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":177,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":179,"title":180,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":181,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":182,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":183,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":185,"title":186,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":187,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":188,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":189,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":191,"title":192,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":193,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":194,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":195,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":197,"title":198,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":199,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":200,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":201,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":203,"title":204,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":205,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":206,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":207,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":209,"title":210,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":211,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":212,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":213,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":215,"title":216,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":217,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":218,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":219,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":221,"title":222,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":223,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":224,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":225,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":227,"title":228,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":229,"thumbnailArtworkId":46,"hasEn":47,"isFallback":48,"teaser":230,"coverFit":46,"coverPosition":46,"chronicle":231,"realm":46,"ready":47},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069222]