[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":238},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch12:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":58},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":55,"realm":52,"seoDescription":56,"thumbnailUrl":57},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>768\u003C/strong>, Pepin the Short dies. For the Frankish world, it is a turning point: the Carolingian dynasty is established, but it still must prove it can endure, unify, and govern on a larger scale. The next true holder of power who will give the West a new direction is \u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong>, soon called \u003Cstrong>Charlemagne\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At first, Charles is not alone: he shares kingship with his brother \u003Cstrong>Carloman\u003C/strong>. This fragile co‑rule quickly reveals a reality: the kingdom’s future depends on whether one man can gather forces and impose authority beyond regions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Before dying, Pepin planned a \u003Cstrong>division\u003C/strong> of the kingdom. The territories granted to the two brothers do not form two simple blocs: they interlock. Charles’s lands form a western arc (from the Garonne to the Rhine), while Carloman’s are more centred to the east (around Alamannia). Several major sets — \u003Cstrong>Austrasia, Neustria, Aquitaine\u003C/strong> — are thus split.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>9 October 768\u003C/strong>, each is proclaimed king by his own followers:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Charles at Noyon\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Carloman at Soissons\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Very quickly, Charles is absorbed by the affairs of \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, which he settles without his brother’s help. The “Lombard question” and diplomatic balances then weigh on the years \u003Cstrong>769–771\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>771\u003C/strong>, Carloman dies suddenly at the Carolingian palace of \u003Cstrong>Samoussy\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Laon\u003C/strong>. Charles seizes his brother’s lands and sets aside the rights of his nephews. Carloman’s widow, \u003Cstrong>Gerberga\u003C/strong>, takes refuge in Italy with the Lombard king, along with her sons and a few supporters.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>From then on, Charles becomes \u003Cstrong>the de facto sovereign of the entire Frankish kingdom\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z1\">Zoom – 768–771: co‑rule and the fracture between brothers\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧱 Unify the kingdom, impose a method\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charlemagne governs by combining several levers:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>war\u003C/strong>, to secure and expand political space\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>alliance with the Church\u003C/strong>, to frame populations and legitimise power\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>a more rigorous administration\u003C/strong> (capitularies, counts, control of elites)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Capitularies\u003C/strong> (royal legislative texts) organise justice, the army, religion, and administration.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To control territories, Charlemagne relies on \u003Cstrong>counts\u003C/strong> and on royal envoys called \u003Cstrong>missi dominici\u003C/strong> (“the lord’s envoys”), tasked with checking the application of royal decisions in the provinces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The goal is no longer only to reign: it is to transform the Frankish kingdom into \u003Cstrong>a durable and organised political order\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🗺️ Consolidation and territorial expansion (772–814)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charlemagne is a \u003Cstrong>warrior king\u003C/strong>. During the first three decades of his reign, Frankish territory expands dramatically.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Some regions are \u003Cstrong>integrated directly\u003C/strong> into the kingdom, while others become \u003Cstrong>marches\u003C/strong>: military border territories meant to protect the empire.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Among the main movements of expansion:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>fuller integration of \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Bavaria\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>conquest of the \u003Cstrong>Lombard\u003C/strong> kingdom (\u003Cstrong>774\u003C/strong>)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the long war in \u003Cstrong>Saxony\u003C/strong> (\u003Cstrong>772–804\u003C/strong>)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>campaigns against the \u003Cstrong>Avars\u003C/strong> on the Danube\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>interventions on the frontier of \u003Cstrong>Spain\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>military pressure on \u003Cstrong>Brittany\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z4\">Zoom – Conquests, marches, and tributes: Carolingian expansion (772–814)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ Major military fronts\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z11\">Zoom – Brittany: expeditions, tribute, march\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ The Saxon wars (772–804)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Among all Charlemagne’s campaigns, the \u003Cstrong>Saxon wars\u003C/strong> are among the longest and most difficult. For more than \u003Cstrong>thirty years\u003C/strong>, from \u003Cstrong>772 to 804\u003C/strong>, the Frankish king fights Saxon peoples living northeast of the kingdom, between the \u003Cstrong>Rhine\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Weser\u003C/strong>, and the \u003Cstrong>Elbe\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Bataille_entre_Francs_et_Saxons.jpg\" alt=\"Battle between Franks and Saxons\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Battle between Franks and Saxons — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Unlike other Carolingian conquests, this is not only territorial expansion. It pits two very different worlds against each other. Saxons live in a tribal society of relatively independent communities and still practise a \u003Cstrong>Germanic pagan religion\u003C/strong>. For Charlemagne, conquering Saxony has several goals: secure the kingdom’s northeast frontier, stop Saxon raids against Frankish lands, and expand \u003Cstrong>Christian\u003C/strong> influence eastward.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The conflict begins in \u003Cstrong>772\u003C/strong>, when Charlemagne launches an expedition into Saxon territory and destroys a major religious sanctuary, the \u003Cstrong>Irminsul\u003C/strong>, a sacred symbol of Saxon religion.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Zerst%C3%B6rung_der_Irminsaule_durch_Karl_den_Gro%C3%9Fen_by_Heinrich_Leutemann.jpg\" alt=\"Charlemagne destroys the Irminsul\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Charlemagne destroys the Irminsul — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Saxon resistance is embodied by the charismatic leader \u003Cstrong>Widukind\u003C/strong>, who organises uprisings for years. In \u003Cstrong>782\u003C/strong>, Saxons inflict a heavy defeat on a Frankish army. Charlemagne’s reaction is harsh: chronicles report thousands of Saxon prisoners executed at \u003Cstrong>Verden\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Little by little, Charlemagne imposes authority by combining \u003Cstrong>military pressure and religious organisation\u003C/strong>. Conquered lands are divided into \u003Cstrong>counties\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>bishoprics\u003C/strong> and monasteries are founded to frame the population and spread Christianity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A turning point comes in \u003Cstrong>785\u003C/strong>, when Widukind submits and receives \u003Cstrong>baptism\u003C/strong> in Charlemagne’s presence. Sporadic revolts continue, but Frankish domination grows stronger.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Charlemagne%2C_empereur_d%27Occident%2C_re%C3%A7oit_la_soumission_de_Wittekind%2C_785%2C_por_Ary_Scheffer.jpg\" alt=\"Widukind submits to Charlemagne\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Widukind submits (785) — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Only in \u003Cstrong>804\u003C/strong> is Saxony considered definitively subdued. Some Saxon populations are displaced to prevent further uprisings and the region is integrated into the Carolingian political and religious system.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z7\">Zoom – Saxon wars (772–804): conquest, conversion, resistance\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏹 Spain: the expedition of 778 and the Spanish March\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Iberia is another important frontier. Since the Muslim conquest of \u003Cstrong>711\u003C/strong>, most of Spain is controlled by \u003Cstrong>al‑Andalus\u003C/strong>. North of the Pyrenees, the Franks seek to secure their frontier and exploit internal divisions within Andalusi power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>778\u003C/strong>, some Muslim governors opposed to Cordoba ask Charlemagne for help. The Frankish army crosses the Pyrenees and advances to \u003Cstrong>Zaragoza\u003C/strong>, but the city refuses to open its gates. With insufficient local support, Charlemagne retreats.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>During the return, the Frankish rearguard is attacked at \u003Cstrong>Roncevaux Pass\u003C/strong> by mountain fighters, likely \u003Cstrong>Basques\u003C/strong> hostile to Frankish authority. Several nobles die, including \u003Cstrong>Roland\u003C/strong>, count of the Breton March.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/BattleofRoncevauxWvBibra.jpg\" alt=\"Roncevaux ambush\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Roncevaux ambush — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Later, the \u003Cstrong>Song of Roland\u003C/strong> turns this limited event into a heroic battle against Muslim armies.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite the failure of 778, Frankish influence south of the Pyrenees grows in the following decades. In \u003Cstrong>801\u003C/strong>, the capture of \u003Cstrong>Barcelona\u003C/strong> is a turning point. Border territories are organised into the \u003Cstrong>Spanish March\u003C/strong>, a set of counties defending the frontier against al‑Andalus.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_814.png\" alt=\"Iberian Peninsula in 814\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Iberian Peninsula in 814 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z8\">Zoom – Spain (777–810): expedition of 778 and the Spanish March\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏔️ Bavaria: the end of Duke Tassilo’s autonomy (788)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Before the great campaigns against the Avars, Charlemagne addresses a crucial eastern issue: the \u003Cstrong>Duchy of Bavaria\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For generations, Bavaria has been ruled by the \u003Cstrong>Agilolfing\u003C/strong> family, theoretically recognising Frankish authority but keeping broad autonomy. Duke \u003Cstrong>Tassilo III\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne’s cousin, rules this strategic region between the Alps, the Danube, and routes toward central Europe.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Tassilo gradually seeks greater independence and cultivates alliances, notably with the \u003Cstrong>Lombards\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Avars\u003C/strong>. In \u003Cstrong>787\u003C/strong>, a Frankish expedition forces him to submit. In \u003Cstrong>788\u003C/strong>, he is tried for treason, deposed, and sent to a monastery.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Bavaria is then integrated directly into the Carolingian realm and administered by royal representatives, notably Frankish \u003Cstrong>counts\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z10\">Zoom – Bavaria (787–788): the end of ducal autonomy\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🐎 The Avars: the Danube and the eastern marches\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>To the east, the \u003Cstrong>Avars\u003C/strong> dominate the Danube basin. Their power rests on a warrior aristocracy and a system of tributes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The conflict erupts in the \u003Cstrong>790s\u003C/strong>. In \u003Cstrong>791\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne launches a major campaign along the Danube. Decisive operations occur in \u003Cstrong>795–796\u003C/strong>, when Frankish forces seize the Avar power centre known as the \u003Cstrong>Avar Ring\u003C/strong> and capture an immense treasure of gold and silver.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After these defeats, Avar power collapses. Danubian territories fall under Carolingian influence and several Slavic peoples enter the empire’s orbit.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To defend these new borders, the Carolingians create \u003Cstrong>eastern marches\u003C/strong>, military frontier territories led by counts or margraves.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z9\">Zoom – Avars (791–805): treasure, Danube, and eastern marches\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🌊 Brittany: expeditions, tribute, and the western frontier\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>At the western edge, \u003Cstrong>Brittany\u003C/strong> is difficult to control. Breton chiefs sometimes recognise Frankish superiority, but loyalties remain unstable.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charlemagne leads expeditions to assert authority and prevent raids. Some Breton leaders accept paying \u003Cstrong>tribute\u003C/strong>, but integration remains limited.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To manage the frontier, the Carolingians develop the \u003Cstrong>Breton March\u003C/strong>, a military buffer zone.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Forteresses_marches_de_Bretagne.png\" alt=\"Fortresses of the Breton Marches\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Fortresses of the Breton Marches — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏹 Aquitaine and Vasconia: a fragile integration\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In the southwest, \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Vasconia\u003C/strong> are hard to control. Pepin’s conquest in the \u003Cstrong>760s\u003C/strong> ended Duke \u003Cstrong>Waïfre\u003C/strong>, but the region remains unstable.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>769\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne campaigns against Aquitanian rebels who take refuge in Vasconia. After military operations and negotiations, he restores order.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To stabilise the south, Charlemagne installs a \u003Cstrong>subordinate kingship\u003C/strong>: in \u003Cstrong>781\u003C/strong>, at an assembly in Rome, he entrusts Aquitaine to his young son \u003Cstrong>Louis\u003C/strong> (future Louis the Pious), crowned king of Aquitaine under his father’s authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z5\">Zoom – Aquitaine & Vasconia: submissions, revolts, the Kingdom of Aquitaine (768–814)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z2\">Zoom – 774: defeat the Lombards, protect Rome\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>✍️ Reform, govern, “civilise”\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charlemagne does not build only by the sword. He also strengthens:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>religious and educational supervision\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the production of texts and norms\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the idea of a power that corrects and organises society\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This movement, known as the \u003Cstrong>Carolingian Renaissance\u003C/strong>, accompanies the scaling up of power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>📚 Carolingian Renaissance: renovatio\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Carolingian scholars speak of \u003Cstrong>renovatio\u003C/strong>, an intellectual and religious renewal. Influences converge from:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Italy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the Byzantine world\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the monasticism of the British Isles\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>At Charlemagne’s court, scholars such as \u003Cstrong>Alcuin of York\u003C/strong> reform teaching and promote a new script: \u003Cstrong>Carolingian minuscule\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z6\">Zoom – Carolingian Renaissance: schools, manuscripts, and Carolingian minuscule\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏛️ 800: a new status\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>At the end of the century, Carolingian power changes scale.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>25 December 800\u003C/strong>, in Rome, Pope \u003Cstrong>Leo III\u003C/strong> crowns Charlemagne \u003Cstrong>emperor\u003C/strong> in Saint Peter’s Basilica.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The gesture marks the return in the West of the idea of a \u003Cstrong>Christian empire\u003C/strong>, heir to both Rome and the barbarian kingdoms.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>According to Charlemagne’s biographer \u003Cstrong>Einhard\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne did not want to appear as receiving empire from the pope’s hands: the crown would have been placed on his head while he prayed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The gesture is heavy with meaning: it suggests the pope can \u003Cstrong>confer imperial dignity\u003C/strong>, opening a lasting question about the origin of political authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg\" alt=\"Coronation of Charlemagne\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Coronation of Charlemagne — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>813\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne changes the ritual for his son \u003Cstrong>Louis the Pious\u003C/strong>: Louis crowns himself, without direct papal intervention.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>🧭 Byzantine reaction: competing legitimacies\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In Constantinople, the eastern emperor initially refuses to recognise the new title. A diplomatic compromise comes with the \u003Cstrong>Peace of Aachen (812)\u003C/strong>, which accepts the existence of the Carolingian empire.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch12z3\">Zoom – 800: imperial coronation and the idea of empire\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Charlemagne inherits a legitimate but still fragile Carolingian kingdom.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Between \u003Cstrong>768 and 814\u003C/strong>, he unifies, conquers, and reorganises a vast political space.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His power rests on war, the Church, and a more structured administration.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The imperial coronation of \u003Cstrong>800\u003C/strong> marks a new stage: the West thinks again in terms of \u003Cstrong>empire\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Battle between Franks and Saxons — Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Charlemagne destroys the Irminsul — Heinrich Leutemann (1824–1904), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Widukind submits — Ary Scheffer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Roncevaux ambush — Wolfgang von Bibra, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Iberian Peninsula in 814 — Elryck, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Fortresses of the Breton Marches — CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Coronation of Charlemagne — Raphael, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch12z1","768–771: Co‑Rule and the Fracture Between Brothers",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch12z10","Bavaria (787–788): The End of Ducal Autonomy",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch12z11","Brittany (786–811): Expeditions, Tribute, and March",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch12z2","774: Defeat the Lombards, Protect Rome",{"id":32,"title":33},"p4ch12z3","800: Imperial Coronation and the Idea of Empire",{"id":35,"title":36},"p4ch12z4","Conquests, Marches, and Tributes: Carolingian Expansion (772–814)",{"id":38,"title":39},"p4ch12z5","Aquitaine & Vasconia: Submissions, Revolts, the Kingdom of Aquitaine (768–814)",{"id":41,"title":42},"p4ch12z6","Carolingian Renaissance: Schools, Manuscripts, and Carolingian Minuscule",{"id":44,"title":45},"p4ch12z7","Saxon Wars (772–804): Conquest, Conversion, Resistance",{"id":47,"title":48},"p4ch12z8","Spain (777–810): The 778 Expedition and the Spanish March",{"id":50,"title":51},"p4ch12z9","Avars (791–805): Treasure, Danube, and Eastern Marches","",true,false,"768 à 814","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle. In 768 , Pepin the Short dies. For the Frankish world, it is a turning point: the Carolingian","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png",{"period":59,"chapters":63},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":60,"coverArtworkId":62},{"fileName":52,"filePageUrl":52,"imageUrl":61,"sourceLabel":52},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[64,70,77,84,90,96,102,108,115,121,128,134,140,146,152,158,164,170,172,178,184,190,196,202,208,214,220,226,232],{"id":65,"title":66,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":67,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":68,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":69,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":71,"title":72,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":73,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":74,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":75,"realm":76,"ready":53},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":78,"title":79,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":80,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":81,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":82,"realm":83,"ready":53},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":85,"title":86,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":87,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":81,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":88,"realm":89,"ready":53},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":91,"title":92,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":93,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":94,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":95,"realm":76,"ready":53},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":97,"title":98,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":99,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":100,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":101,"realm":76,"ready":53},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":103,"title":104,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":105,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":106,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":107,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":109,"title":110,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":111,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":112,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":113,"realm":114,"ready":53},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":116,"title":117,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":118,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":119,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":120,"realm":76,"ready":53},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":122,"title":123,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":124,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":125,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":126,"realm":127,"ready":53},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":129,"title":130,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":131,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":132,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":133,"realm":89,"ready":53},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":135,"title":136,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":137,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":138,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":139,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":141,"title":142,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":143,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":144,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":145,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":147,"title":148,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":149,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":150,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":151,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":153,"title":154,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":155,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":156,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":157,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":159,"title":160,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":161,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":162,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":163,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":165,"title":166,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":167,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":168,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":169,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":57,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":171,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":55,"realm":52,"ready":53},"Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.",{"id":173,"title":174,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":175,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":176,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":177,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":179,"title":180,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":181,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":182,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":183,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":185,"title":186,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":187,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":188,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":189,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":191,"title":192,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":193,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":194,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":195,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":197,"title":198,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":199,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":200,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":201,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":203,"title":204,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":205,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":206,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":207,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":209,"title":210,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":211,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":212,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":213,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":215,"title":216,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":217,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":218,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":219,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":221,"title":222,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":223,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":224,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":225,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":227,"title":228,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":229,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":230,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":231,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":233,"title":234,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":235,"thumbnailArtworkId":52,"hasEn":53,"isFallback":54,"teaser":236,"coverFit":52,"coverPosition":52,"chronicle":237,"realm":52,"ready":53},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069294]