[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":223},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch13:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":43},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":40,"realm":37,"seoDescription":41,"thumbnailUrl":42},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>814\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne dies at \u003Cstrong>Aachen\u003C/strong>. His son \u003Cstrong>Louis\u003C/strong>, already associated with power and king of Aquitaine since childhood, becomes emperor. For the Carolingian Empire, the moment is decisive: the state built by Charlemagne seems immense and powerful, but it becomes increasingly difficult to govern.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Under Louis, tensions no longer come only from the frontiers. They now come from within: the \u003Cstrong>imperial family\u003C/strong>, aristocratic rivalries, and a fundamental question for any medieval monarchy: \u003Cstrong>how to transmit an empire without dismantling it\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Europe_en_814.svg\" alt=\"Europe in 814\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Carolingian Empire in 814 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Louis is a ruler deeply shaped by religion and by the idea of a Christian order of the world. His nickname, \u003Cstrong>“the Pious”\u003C/strong> (\u003Cem>pius\u003C/em>), appears already during his lifetime in writings from his entourage. He seeks to govern as an exemplary Christian prince, reforming the court and supporting the Church. But this moral ambition quickly collides with the political realities of a vast empire and a dynasty with multiple ambitions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 814–816: Louis’s accession to power\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>February 814\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Louis\u003C/strong>, then king of Aquitaine, learns of Charlemagne’s death while at \u003Cstrong>Doué‑la‑Fontaine\u003C/strong> (Anjou). As a recognised heir, he can take power without immediate opposition. He travels to \u003Cstrong>Aachen\u003C/strong>, the political capital of the empire, and takes control of a territory stretching from the Pyrenees to the Elbe and from the Danube to the North Sea.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Upon arrival, Louis \u003Cstrong>reorganises the court\u003C/strong> and asserts personal authority. Several influential advisers of Charlemagne’s generation are sidelined or exiled, notably \u003Cstrong>Adalard\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Wala\u003C/strong>. Louis surrounds himself more with ecclesiastical counsellors and faithful close men, giving his government a more religious and moral orientation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Louis also seeks to \u003Cstrong>moralise palace life\u003C/strong>. He judges his father’s court too worldly and imposes stricter discipline. Several women living at court are dismissed, including some of his own sisters, placed in monasteries. These decisions aim to turn the imperial palace into a more austere space aligned with the Christian values Louis promotes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This reforming will is tied to an exacting view of imperial dignity. Where Charlemagne accumulated titles (king of the Franks, king of the Lombards, emperor), Louis insists primarily on the title of \u003Cstrong>emperor\u003C/strong>, expressing universal authority over Christendom, complementing papal spiritual authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This vision is confirmed in \u003Cstrong>816\u003C/strong>, when Pope \u003Cstrong>Stephen IV\u003C/strong> crosses the Alps. On \u003Cstrong>5 October 816\u003C/strong>, he crowns and anoints Louis at \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong>, reinforcing the sacred character of imperial power and helping Reims become a privileged place of royal anointing in later French tradition.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z5\">Zoom – 814–816: accession, Aachen, and anointing at Reims\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👥 817: organising succession without destroying unity\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Louis’s main political challenge is \u003Cstrong>imperial succession\u003C/strong>. The Carolingian Empire is vast and fragile, and Frankish history shows how partitions among heirs can trigger division and war. Louis wants to prevent Charlemagne’s empire from breaking apart after his death.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>817\u003C/strong>, he issues a major text known as the \u003Cstrong>Ordinatio Imperii\u003C/strong>. The document organises transmission while preserving imperial unity. Unlike Frankish tradition that often distributed territories among all heirs, Louis tries to establish a clear hierarchy among his sons.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/3_sons_of_Louis_the_German.jpg\" alt=\"Heirs of Louis the Pious\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Heirs of Louis the Pious — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>According to this decision:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Lothair\u003C/strong>, the eldest, becomes \u003Cstrong>co‑emperor\u003C/strong> and principal heir.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pepin\u003C/strong> receives the \u003Cstrong>Kingdom of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Louis\u003C/strong> (future Louis the German) receives the \u003Cstrong>Kingdom of Bavaria\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These junior kingdoms remain theoretically \u003Cstrong>subordinate\u003C/strong> to the emperor embodied by Lothair. The goal is to keep cohesion while giving each son a share of power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The reform is ambitious, but fragile. Rivalries between princes and aristocratic ambitions quickly test this political architecture.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z1\">Zoom – 817: Ordinatio Imperii, hierarchy of heirs\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The balance is soon disrupted by the birth of a new heir, \u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong>, son of Louis’s second wife, \u003Cstrong>Judith of Bavaria\u003C/strong>. Family rivalries intensify.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧭 Reform and stabilise: a style of government\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Louis the Pious is marked by a clear will to \u003Cstrong>reform and frame the empire\u003C/strong>. Where Charlemagne’s reign was dominated by conquests and territorial expansion, Louis focuses on \u003Cstrong>consolidating the political and religious order\u003C/strong> inherited from his father.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To maintain cohesion in a composite empire of different peoples, traditions, and regional aristocracies, he favours a more structured government based on collaboration between imperial power and the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Key orientations include:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>strengthening \u003Cstrong>monastic discipline\u003C/strong> and religious life\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>supporting \u003Cstrong>Church reforms\u003C/strong> and episcopal authority\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>improving administrative and political organisation\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Louis relies heavily on bishops, abbots, and clerical advisers. Monastic reforms inspired by \u003Cstrong>Benedict of Aniane\u003C/strong> aim to harmonise religious life across the empire through stricter application of the \u003Cstrong>Rule of Saint Benedict\u003C/strong>. Monasteries become not only spiritual centres but also relays of imperial authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Louis cultivates the image of a humble and penitent ruler before God. In \u003Cstrong>822\u003C/strong>, at an assembly in \u003Cstrong>Attigny\u003C/strong>, he performs a spectacular \u003Cstrong>public penance\u003C/strong> to atone for violence and injustices committed earlier in his reign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Louis_the_Pious.jpg\" alt=\"Public penance of Louis the Pious (822)\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Public penance of Louis the Pious in 822 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The gesture reinforces his image as an exemplary Christian prince, but it also has an unintended effect: to some aristocrats, this display of weakness damages imperial majesty and contributes to weakening authority in later years.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z4\">Zoom – Why “the Pious”? reforms, Rome, and penance (822)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 830–835: revolts and civil war\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>830\u003C/strong>, the Carolingian Empire enters a period of deep instability. Tensions accumulated around succession, the influence of Empress \u003Cstrong>Judith\u003C/strong>, and the place of young \u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong> trigger a series of revolts led by Louis’s sons.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>What begins as a dynastic conflict becomes a \u003Cstrong>general political crisis\u003C/strong>. Princes rely on factions of aristocracy and the Church, each trying to influence the empire’s balance of power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z6\">Zoom – 830–835: civil war between Louis and his sons\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 830: the first revolt of the sons\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>830\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Pepin of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Louis of Bavaria\u003C/strong> rise against their father, accusing the emperor’s entourage — especially \u003Cstrong>Judith\u003C/strong> — of excessive influence and of favouring young Charles. They seize the imperial palace and force Louis to dismiss some advisers. But divisions among the brothers prevent consolidation, and Louis regains control.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 833: the “Field of Lies”\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The crisis peaks in \u003Cstrong>833\u003C/strong>. Louis’s sons ally again and face the emperor’s army in \u003Cstrong>Alsace\u003C/strong>, on a site remembered as the \u003Cstrong>“Field of Lies”\u003C/strong>. Many supporters abandon Louis for the princes. Isolated, Louis surrenders.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Taken to \u003Cstrong>Soissons\u003C/strong>, he is publicly humiliated and forced to confess faults and temporarily abdicate.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z2\">Zoom – 833: the “Field of Lies”\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 834–835: restoration\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The princes’ victory proves unstable. Rivalries between brothers reappear. Louis rallies part of the aristocracy and regains initiative. In \u003Cstrong>834\u003C/strong>, he is restored; in \u003Cstrong>835\u003C/strong>, the council of \u003Cstrong>Thionville\u003C/strong> officially restores imperial authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Even restored, Louis’s prestige is weakened and fractures are revealed. Rivalries among heirs remain and foreshadow conflicts after the emperor’s death.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🕊️ 835–840: a fragile peace\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After the crises of the 830s, a few years of relative calm follow. But the balance remains fragile. Louis tries to reorganise succession to secure the future of his youngest son \u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong>, born from his second marriage to Judith.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>837\u003C/strong>, Louis grants Charles a first territory around the \u003Cstrong>Meuse valley\u003C/strong>, giving him a base in the heart of the empire. In \u003Cstrong>838\u003C/strong>, after \u003Cstrong>Pepin of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> dies, Louis gives Aquitaine to Charles rather than to Pepin’s son, provoking opposition among Aquitanian nobles loyal to the previous line.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>839\u003C/strong>, at an assembly in \u003Cstrong>Aachen\u003C/strong>, Louis redistributes territories again and heavily favours Charles, provoking the hostility of \u003Cstrong>Louis of Bavaria\u003C/strong>, now the emperor’s main opponent.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Thus, despite apparent peace, the empire remains shaken by permanent dynastic tensions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚰️ 840: the emperor’s death\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>840\u003C/strong>, Louis the Pious dies at \u003Cstrong>Ingelheim\u003C/strong> on the Rhine, while preparing a campaign against his son Louis of Bavaria.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He is buried at the abbey of \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Arnould of Metz\u003C/strong>, a Carolingian family necropolis.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His death immediately opens a new war among his sons.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧩 After 840: toward the division of the empire\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Louis dies in \u003Cstrong>840\u003C/strong>, tensions erupt into open war. The three surviving princes — \u003Cstrong>Lothair\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Louis of Bavaria\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>Charles the Bald\u003C/strong> — each claim power. Lothair, as eldest and co‑emperor, tries to impose supremacy over the whole empire, but his brothers refuse.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After years of combat and shifting alliances, the princes accept that none can restore Charlemagne’s imperial unity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The solution takes shape in \u003Cstrong>843\u003C/strong> with the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Verdun\u003C/strong>, which organises a durable division of Carolingian space.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Trait%C3%A9_de_Verdun_843.png\" alt=\"Treaty of Verdun 843\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Treaty of Verdun (843) — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The empire is divided into three major sets:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>West Francia\u003C/strong>, entrusted to \u003Cstrong>Charles the Bald\u003C/strong>, ancestor of the future kingdom of \u003Cstrong>France\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>East Francia\u003C/strong>, given to \u003Cstrong>Louis of Bavaria\u003C/strong>, nucleus of the future \u003Cstrong>German\u003C/strong> space\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Middle Francia\u003C/strong>, ruled by \u003Cstrong>Lothair\u003C/strong>, who keeps the imperial title and governs a long territory from the North Sea to Italy\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The treaty does not end rivalries, but it marks the \u003Cstrong>end of political unity\u003C/strong> of the Carolingian empire as imagined by Charlemagne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch13z3\">Zoom – 843: Verdun and the birth of West Francia\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Louis the Pious inherits a vast empire built by Charlemagne.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His reign is marked by religious and administrative reforms.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Conflicts among his sons progressively weaken imperial unity.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>After his death in 840, division becomes inevitable and leads to Verdun (843).\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Europe in 814 — IvanBondarev, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Public penance of Louis the Pious (822) — “L’Histoire de France Populaire”, Henri Martin, 1876, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Heirs of Louis the Pious — Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Treaty of Verdun 843 — B Leprêtre, CC BY-SA 2.5 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28,31,34],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch13z1","817: Ordinatio Imperii, Hierarchy of Heirs",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch13z2","833: The \\\"Field of Lies\\\"",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch13z3","843: Verdun and the Birth of West Francia",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch13z4","Why \\\"the Pious\\\"? Reforms, Rome, and Penance (822)",{"id":32,"title":33},"p4ch13z5","814–816: Accession, Aachen, and Anointing at Reims",{"id":35,"title":36},"p4ch13z6","830–835: Civil War Between Louis and His Sons","",true,false,"814 à 840","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales. In 814 , Charlemagne dies at Aachen . His son Louis ,","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png",{"period":44,"chapters":48},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":45,"coverArtworkId":47},{"fileName":37,"filePageUrl":37,"imageUrl":46,"sourceLabel":37},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[49,55,62,69,75,81,87,93,100,106,113,119,125,131,137,143,149,155,161,163,169,175,181,187,193,199,205,211,217],{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":53,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":54,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":56,"title":57,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":58,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":59,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":60,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":63,"title":64,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":65,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":66,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":67,"realm":68,"ready":38},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":70,"title":71,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":72,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":66,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":73,"realm":74,"ready":38},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":79,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":80,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":82,"title":83,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":84,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":85,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":86,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":88,"title":89,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":90,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":91,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":92,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":94,"title":95,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":96,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":97,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":98,"realm":99,"ready":38},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":101,"title":102,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":103,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":104,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":105,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":107,"title":108,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":109,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":110,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":111,"realm":112,"ready":38},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":114,"title":115,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":116,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":117,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":118,"realm":74,"ready":38},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":123,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":124,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":126,"title":127,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":128,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":129,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":130,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":132,"title":133,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":134,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":135,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":136,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":138,"title":139,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":140,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":141,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":142,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":144,"title":145,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":146,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":147,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":148,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":150,"title":151,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":152,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":153,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":154,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":156,"title":157,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":158,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":159,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":160,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":42,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":162,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":40,"realm":37,"ready":38},"À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.",{"id":164,"title":165,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":166,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":167,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":168,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":170,"title":171,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":172,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":173,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":174,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":176,"title":177,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":178,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":179,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":180,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":182,"title":183,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":184,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":185,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":186,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":188,"title":189,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":190,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":191,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":192,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":194,"title":195,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":196,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":197,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":198,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":200,"title":201,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":202,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":203,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":204,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":206,"title":207,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":208,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":209,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":210,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":212,"title":213,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":214,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":215,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":216,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":218,"title":219,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":220,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":221,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":222,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069394]