[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":217},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch17:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":37},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":34,"realm":31,"seoDescription":35,"thumbnailUrl":36},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>884\u003C/strong>, after the death of \u003Cstrong>Carloman II\u003C/strong>, West Francia falls under the authority of \u003Cstrong>Charles the Fat\u003C/strong> (\u003Cem>Charles III\u003C/em>), who already rules other Carolingian territories.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For several years, Charles has accumulated crowns:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>king of \u003Cstrong>East Francia\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>king of \u003Cstrong>Italy\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>emperor since \u003Cstrong>881\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>With the inheritance of West Francia, he ends up governing a large part of Charlemagne’s former empire.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For a moment, the prospect of a \u003Cstrong>Carolingian reunification\u003C/strong> seems to return.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But this unity is fragile.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Royal power no longer rests only on dynastic legitimacy: it depends on \u003Cstrong>alliances among aristocrats\u003C/strong>, on control of territories, and above all on the king’s \u003Cstrong>ability to defend the realm\u003C/strong> against external threats.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles’s rule in West Francia will be marked by a spectacular ordeal that exposes this question: the \u003Cstrong>Siege of Paris (885–886)\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch17z1\">Zoom – 885–886: the Siege of Paris\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧩 A king at the head of an empire hard to govern\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charles the Fat embodies the Carolingian ideal of a sovereign placed \u003Cstrong>above several kingdoms\u003C/strong>, heir to the imperial idea forged under Charlemagne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Yet 9th‑century realities make this ambition difficult.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Distances are immense and communication is slow.\u003Cbr>\nA king cannot be present everywhere at once.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>While Charles tries to maintain political balance among his different territories — \u003Cstrong>Italy, East Francia, Lotharingia, and West Francia\u003C/strong> — local tensions continue to accumulate.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>June 885\u003C/strong>, Charles receives at the palace of \u003Cstrong>Ponthion\u003C/strong> the oaths of allegiance of many great aristocrats. At that moment, the Carolingian whole seems almost reconstituted, from \u003Cstrong>East Francia\u003C/strong> to \u003Cstrong>Provence\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Transjurane Burgundy\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Carolingian_empire_887-pt.svg\" alt=\"Carolingian Empire in 887\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Carolingian Empire — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>One region, however, remains largely outside this political system: \u003Cstrong>Brittany\u003C/strong>, a peripheral march where Frankish kings’ authority remains very limited.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This apparent unity nevertheless masks a more fragile reality: the Carolingian empire now rests on \u003Cstrong>unstable local balances\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 885: political tensions and the rise of the Viking threat\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>885\u003C/strong> opens in a climate of political and military tension across Carolingian space.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>May\u003C/strong>, Emperor \u003Cstrong>Charles the Fat\u003C/strong> has \u003Cstrong>Godfrid\u003C/strong> eliminated, a Norse leader who had become \u003Cstrong>duke of western Frisia\u003C/strong> after entering Frankish service. Godfrid had accepted conversion to Christianity and sworn loyalty to the emperor, but he is soon suspected of betrayal and of maintaining ambiguous ties with other Viking groups. On Charles’s orders, he is assassinated, brutally ending this attempt to integrate a Viking chief into Frankish aristocracy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Jacobus_van_dijck-asesinato_de_godofredo_de_frisia.jpg\" alt=\"Assassination of Godfrid\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Assassination of Godfrid — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, the emperor punishes another opponent: \u003Cstrong>Hugh\u003C/strong>, son of King \u003Cstrong>Lothair II\u003C/strong> and Godfrid’s brother‑in‑law. In revolt against imperial authority, Hugh is captured and suffers an exemplary punishment. On Charles’s order, he is \u003Cstrong>blinded\u003C/strong>, a practice meant to exclude him definitively from power. He is then confined in the \u003Cstrong>abbey of Prüm\u003C/strong>, where he remains in captivity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These events show Charles’s desire to maintain order in a fragile empire, but also the brutality of political struggles at the time.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 June 885: asserting imperial authority\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>June 885\u003C/strong>, Charles the Fat travels to the palace of \u003Cstrong>Ponthion\u003C/strong>, in Champagne. There, he receives the \u003Cstrong>oaths of the great men of West Francia\u003C/strong>, reaffirming his authority over the kingdom recently inherited after \u003Cstrong>Carloman II\u003C/strong>’s death.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On this occasion, the emperor also orders a \u003Cstrong>military expedition against Vikings settled at Leuven\u003C/strong>, threatening the northern regions. The operation, however, ends in failure, illustrating the growing difficulty for Carolingian power to neutralise highly mobile groups.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🐉 Summer 885: the Vikings advance\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The military situation deteriorates rapidly during the summer.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>5 July 885\u003C/strong>, Vikings seize \u003Cstrong>Rouen\u003C/strong>, one of the main centres of the Seine valley. The attackers come from \u003Cstrong>Leuven\u003C/strong>, advancing either overland or along rivers. They are joined by another band coming from \u003Cstrong>England\u003C/strong>, which greatly increases their numbers.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rouen’s fall opens the route of the \u003Cstrong>Seine\u003C/strong>, a strategic axis leading to the heart of West Francia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🛡️ November 885: the Vikings before Paris\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In autumn, the threat reaches its climax.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>24 November 885\u003C/strong>, major Norse forces — which chroniclers estimate at \u003Cstrong>30,000 men on about 700 ships\u003C/strong> — converge on \u003Cstrong>Paris\u003C/strong>, after taking \u003Cstrong>Rouen\u003C/strong> and then the fortress of \u003Cstrong>Pontoise\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The next day, \u003Cstrong>25 November\u003C/strong>, their leader \u003Cstrong>Siegfried (Sigfredhr)\u003C/strong> contacts the city authorities. He is received by \u003Cstrong>Bishop Gozlin\u003C/strong>, one of the main leaders of Parisian defence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Siegfried asks permission to \u003Cstrong>pass through Paris\u003C/strong> to sail further up the Seine and settle his men and their families upstream. The city authorities refuse categorically, aware that such passage would expose the kingdom’s heartland.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>26 November 885\u003C/strong>, after this refusal, the Northmen begin the \u003Cstrong>Siege of Paris\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Siege_of_Paris_%28885%E2%80%93886%29.jpeg\" alt=\"Siege of Paris\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Siege of Paris — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Defended by \u003Cstrong>Count Odo\u003C/strong> and Bishop \u003Cstrong>Gozlin\u003C/strong>, the city becomes the stage of a major confrontation between Frankish forces and Viking armies — an episode that will deeply mark the kingdom’s history.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ January 886: Viking raids in Burgundy and return toward Paris\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Between \u003Cstrong>11 and 25 January 886\u003C/strong>, Vikings operating in the \u003Cstrong>Seine\u003C/strong> valley push their expeditions south. Taking advantage of freedom of movement obtained after negotiations with royal power, they ravage part of \u003Cstrong>Burgundy\u003C/strong> and seize the wealthy \u003Cstrong>abbey of Flavigny\u003C/strong>, one of the region’s major religious centres. As often, monasteries are prime targets: they concentrate wealth, stores, and offer little military resistance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After plundering the region, the Vikings return north and appear again before \u003Cstrong>Paris\u003C/strong>. They come to claim the \u003Cstrong>ransom promised at the end of the siege\u003C/strong>, according to agreements negotiated with royal power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Expeditions continue during the year. In \u003Cstrong>autumn 886\u003C/strong>, Viking bands sail up the \u003Cstrong>Marne\u003C/strong> as far as \u003Cstrong>Chessy\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Lagny\u003C/strong>, where they establish \u003Cstrong>winter quarters\u003C/strong>. This temporary installation illustrates late 9th‑century Viking strategy: alternate fast raids with wintering in strategic river positions, preparing new campaigns the following spring.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ The Assembly of Kirchheim: dynastic tensions and succession affairs\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>At the \u003Cstrong>Assembly of Kirchheim\u003C/strong> (a major Carolingian political gathering convened by Emperor Charles the Fat near the end of his reign), the emperor must handle several important political and family matters affecting the empire’s balance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At this assembly, Charles decides to \u003Cstrong>repudiate his wife, Richardis of Swabia\u003C/strong>, accusing her of misconduct. Richardis, from a great \u003Cstrong>Alemannic\u003C/strong> aristocratic family, had played a notable role at court. Sources remain ambiguous about the reasons: some mention adultery accusations, others political intrigue linked to imperial succession. In any case, the episode reveals the internal tensions surrounding Charles’s court near the end of his reign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, the emperor receives \u003Cstrong>Louis the Blind\u003C/strong>, young king of \u003Cstrong>Provence\u003C/strong>, accompanied by his mother \u003Cstrong>Ermengard\u003C/strong>. Louis, still a child, seeks confirmation of his rights. Charles officially recognises \u003Cstrong>his possessions and royal title\u003C/strong>, consolidating Bosonid legitimacy in Provence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Because of Louis’s age, the kingdom is governed under the \u003Cstrong>regency of his mother Ermengard\u003C/strong>, assisted by the powerful aristocrat \u003Cstrong>Richard the Justiciar\u003C/strong>, count of Autun and a major figure of Burgundian nobility. This arrangement reflects the delicate balance between royal dynasties and the aristocratic families that support them.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch17z2\">Zoom – 886: ransom, compromise, and a legitimacy crisis\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ 887: the fall of Charles the Fat\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>While the Vikings besiege Paris from \u003Cstrong>October 885 to February 886\u003C/strong>, the city is defended by \u003Cstrong>Count Odo\u003C/strong> and Bishop \u003Cstrong>Gozlin\u003C/strong>, who organise resistance with local forces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>When \u003Cstrong>Charles the Fat\u003C/strong> finally arrives with an army, expectations are high. Many hope for a major battle that would end the Viking threat.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the sovereign chooses another strategy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rather than risk an uncertain confrontation, he \u003Cstrong>negotiates with the Vikings\u003C/strong>. He allows them to sail up the Seine to plunder \u003Cstrong>Burgundy\u003C/strong>, then in tension with central power, and later accepts the payment of a \u003Cstrong>ransom\u003C/strong> to secure their departure.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>If this solution avoids immediate destruction, it produces deep unease among elites.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For many, the king has not fulfilled his essential mission: \u003Cstrong>protect the realm and fight the enemy\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>By contrast, the prestige of Paris’s defenders — notably \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong> — grows considerably.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After the Paris episode, trust in Charles weakens in several regions of the empire.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Criticism concerns not only his military choices, but also his ability to govern such a vast set.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>November 887\u003C/strong>, the great men of \u003Cstrong>East Francia\u003C/strong> gather at \u003Cstrong>Tribur\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Mainz\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Driven by \u003Cstrong>Arnulf of Carinthia\u003C/strong>, a member of the Carolingian dynasty, they decide to \u003Cstrong>depose Charles the Fat\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This decision is a major rupture: for the first time, a Carolingian emperor is officially removed by the aristocracy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the months that follow, the empire fragments rapidly.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>888\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Lotharingia\u003C/strong> refuses Arnulf’s authority and turns to \u003Cstrong>Rudolph I of Burgundy\u003C/strong>, while other regions seek their own political solutions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch17z3\">Zoom – 887: the deposition of Charles the Fat\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 888: a new king in West Francia\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charles the Fat dies shortly after his deposition, on \u003Cstrong>12 January 888\u003C/strong>, in the cloister of \u003Cstrong>Neudingen\u003C/strong>, on the Danube.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He dies \u003Cstrong>without a legitimate heir\u003C/strong>, ending the attempt to restore Carolingian unity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>West Francia\u003C/strong>, the great men then make a decisive choice.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>29 February 888\u003C/strong>, they elect as king \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong>, count of Paris and hero of the city’s defence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This election marks a major evolution of the political system.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Kingship is no longer only dynastic inheritance: it becomes also \u003Cstrong>an aristocratic choice\u003C/strong>, based on a leader’s capacity to defend the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>With Odo’s accession, West Francia enters a new phase: a monarchy more dependent on \u003Cstrong>balances among the kingdom’s great families\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch17z4\">Zoom – 888: Odo, king of the West Franks\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>884–888\u003C/strong>: Charles the Fat governs a large part of the former Carolingian Empire.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Political unity seems to revive, but remains fragile.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>885–886\u003C/strong>: the Siege of Paris reveals the importance of local leaders like \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>887\u003C/strong>: Charles’s deposition at Tribur marks a deep crisis of imperial power.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>888\u003C/strong>: Odo’s election in West Francia shows the rise of a more elective kingship.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Carolingian Empire — Trasamundo, CC BY 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Assassination of Godfrid — Jacobus van Dijck, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Siege of Paris — Jean Victor Schnetz, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch17z1","885–886: The Siege of Paris",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch17z2","886: Ransom, Compromise, and a Legitimacy Crisis",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch17z3","887: The Deposition of Charles the Fat",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch17z4","888: Odo, King of the West Franks","",true,false,"884 à 888","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888. In 884 , after the death of Carloman II , West Francia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg",{"period":38,"chapters":42},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":39,"coverArtworkId":41},{"fileName":31,"filePageUrl":31,"imageUrl":40,"sourceLabel":31},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[43,49,56,63,69,75,81,87,94,100,107,113,119,125,131,137,143,149,155,161,167,173,179,181,187,193,199,205,211],{"id":44,"title":45,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":46,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":47,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":48,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":53,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":54,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":57,"title":58,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":59,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":60,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":61,"realm":62,"ready":32},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":64,"title":65,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":66,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":60,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":67,"realm":68,"ready":32},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":70,"title":71,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":72,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":73,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":74,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":79,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":80,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":82,"title":83,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":84,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":85,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":86,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":88,"title":89,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":90,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":91,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":92,"realm":93,"ready":32},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":95,"title":96,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":97,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":98,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":99,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":101,"title":102,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":103,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":104,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":105,"realm":106,"ready":32},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":108,"title":109,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":110,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":111,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":112,"realm":68,"ready":32},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":114,"title":115,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":116,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":117,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":118,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":123,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":124,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":126,"title":127,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":128,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":129,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":130,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":132,"title":133,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":134,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":135,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":136,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":138,"title":139,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":140,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":141,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":142,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":144,"title":145,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":146,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":147,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":148,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":150,"title":151,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":152,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":153,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":154,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":156,"title":157,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":158,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":159,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":160,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":162,"title":163,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":164,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":165,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":166,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":168,"title":169,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":170,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":171,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":172,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":174,"title":175,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":176,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":177,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":178,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":36,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":180,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":34,"realm":31,"ready":32},"Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.",{"id":182,"title":183,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":184,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":185,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":186,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":188,"title":189,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":190,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":191,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":192,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":194,"title":195,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":196,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":197,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":198,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":200,"title":201,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":202,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":203,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":204,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":206,"title":207,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":208,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":209,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":210,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":212,"title":213,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":214,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":215,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":216,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069585]