[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":217},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch18:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":37},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":34,"realm":31,"seoDescription":35,"thumbnailUrl":36},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","\u003Cp>Odo is \u003Cstrong>king of the West Franks\u003C/strong> from \u003Cstrong>888 to 898\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>888\u003C/strong>, West Francia enters a new political phase. After the death of \u003Cstrong>Charles the Fat\u003C/strong>, the kingdom’s great men elect \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong>, count of Paris and hero of the capital’s defence during the Viking siege of \u003Cstrong>885–886\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For the first time in several generations, the crown is not given to a \u003Cstrong>Carolingian\u003C/strong>.\u003Cbr>\nThis decision does not erase the dynasty of \u003Cstrong>Charlemagne\u003C/strong>. On the contrary, it opens a \u003Cstrong>decade of tensions\u003C/strong>, during which royal authority must constantly be rebuilt through military action, political negotiation, and the management of aristocratic alliances.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The immediate context explains the choice. Under \u003Cstrong>Charles the Fat\u003C/strong>, the Carolingian Empire briefly seems reconstituted, but this unity does not prevent military crises. The \u003Cstrong>Siege of Paris (885–886)\u003C/strong> deeply damages imperial prestige: the sovereign is blamed for intervening late and ultimately choosing to \u003Cstrong>negotiate and pay the Vikings\u003C/strong>, letting them sail away to plunder other regions, especially Burgundy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In this climate of distrust, Odo’s election appears pragmatic: the great choose a leader known for \u003Cstrong>military effectiveness\u003C/strong> and the ability to defend the kingdom’s core.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coronation_of_King_Odo.jpg\" alt=\"Coronation of Odo\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Coronation of Odo — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Yet a non‑Carolingian king’s legitimacy remains fragile. To reinforce it, Odo organises a \u003Cstrong>second anointing at Reims on 23 November 888\u003C/strong>. Before a large assembly gathering the main lords and bishops of the realm, he receives a \u003Cstrong>crown sent by Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia\u003C/strong>, which he places on his own head. The gesture symbolically signals recognition by the ruler of East Francia and places Odo’s kingship within Carolingian political order.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This ceremony also has a special significance: it is \u003Cstrong>the last great assembly gathering both lay great men and bishops from regions north and south of the Loire\u003C/strong>, still testifying to a certain political unity of the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite these efforts, Odo rules a kingdom under \u003Cstrong>constant pressure\u003C/strong>:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>recurring Viking raids\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>rivalries among princes\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>competition among major aristocratic families\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In this context, royal power rests on a simple equation: \u003Cstrong>protect the kingdom, convince elites, and keep a political coalition together.\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch18z1\">Zoom – 888: Compiègne and Reims, two anointings\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏛️ A less dynastic kingship\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Odo’s reign illustrates a deep transformation of Frankish monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Like \u003Cstrong>Boso of Provence\u003C/strong> in \u003Cstrong>879\u003C/strong>, Odo is not a direct descendant of \u003Cstrong>Charlemagne\u003C/strong>. His election shows that high aristocracy now has decisive power in choosing the king.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Without completely rejecting Carolingian legitimacy, the kingdom’s great men reintroduce an older principle: \u003Cstrong>aristocratic election and acclamation\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In this political system, dynasty is no longer enough: kingship depends on a leader’s ability to \u003Cstrong>defend the kingdom and maintain balance among the great families\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The instruments of power reflect this new reality. \u003Cstrong>Denarii minted in Odo’s name\u003C/strong>, notably at \u003Cstrong>Toulouse\u003C/strong>, show that a non‑Carolingian kingship can now be inscribed in the administrative and symbolic practices of government.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ A contested monarch\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From the start of his reign, Odo faces active opposition.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The archbishop of \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Fulk\u003C/strong>, remains loyal to dynastic Carolingian principle and supports several competitors. In this troubled context, an outside claimant, \u003Cstrong>Guy III of Spoleto\u003C/strong>, is even anointed at \u003Cstrong>Langres\u003C/strong>, a short‑lived attempt to redefine the kingdom’s balance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, \u003Cstrong>Ramnulf II\u003C/strong>, count of \u003Cstrong>Poitiers\u003C/strong>, acts as protector of the young \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>, keeping open the possibility of a Carolingian return.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To stabilise his position, Odo seeks the support of the powerful king of \u003Cstrong>East Francia\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Arnulf of Carinthia\u003C/strong>. This backing helps reinforce the legitimacy of the Reims ceremony, accompanied by a more solemn ritual and royal insignia inspired by imperial tradition.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌍 890–892: a kingdom at war and principalities in motion\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Odo’s early years are marked by a chain of military and political crises. Viking raids continue, while great regional principalities assert autonomy. The kingdom appears fragmented, and royal authority must constantly impose itself against princes and invaders.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🐉 890: Viking raids and Breton assertion\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Around \u003Cstrong>890\u003C/strong>, Vikings continue expeditions in the West. They besiege \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Lô\u003C/strong>, massacre part of the population, and kill the \u003Cstrong>bishop of Coutances\u003C/strong>. Exploiting divisions among Breton princes, they advance as far as the \u003Cstrong>Blavet\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Bretons ultimately push them back in several fights. In the first clash, the Breton leader \u003Cstrong>Judicaël\u003C/strong> is killed. Final victory belongs to \u003Cstrong>Alan I\u003C/strong>, known as \u003Cstrong>Alan the Great\u003C/strong>, who strengthens his prestige and adopts the title \u003Cstrong>king of Brittany\u003C/strong>, affirming autonomy against neighbouring powers.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, political balance shifts in the South. On \u003Cstrong>6 June\u003C/strong>, an assembly meets at \u003Cstrong>Valence\u003C/strong>, convened by \u003Cstrong>Ermengard\u003C/strong>, widow of \u003Cstrong>Boso of Provence\u003C/strong>. Her son \u003Cstrong>Louis\u003C/strong> is proclaimed \u003Cstrong>king of Provence\u003C/strong> with the support of his uncle \u003Cstrong>Richard the Justiciar\u003C/strong>, who expands authority in Burgundy and is eventually recognised \u003Cstrong>duke of Burgundy\u003C/strong> by King Odo.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The death of \u003Cstrong>Count Ramnulf II of Poitiers\u003C/strong> on \u003Cstrong>5 August\u003C/strong> also opens a succession crisis in Aquitaine. Odo tries to impose his brother \u003Cstrong>Robert\u003C/strong> as count of Poitiers, but local elites refuse. Power passes to \u003Cstrong>Adémar of Angoulême\u003C/strong>, before \u003Cstrong>Ebles Manzer\u003C/strong>, Ramnulf’s illegitimate son, imposes himself some years later.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In autumn, Vikings expelled from Brittany establish \u003Cstrong>winter quarters near Noyon\u003C/strong> on the \u003Cstrong>Oise\u003C/strong>. On \u003Cstrong>21 November\u003C/strong>, King \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong> positions himself at \u003Cstrong>Senlis\u003C/strong> to block their route to \u003Cstrong>Paris\u003C/strong>, protecting the capital.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 891: war against the Vikings\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>891\u003C/strong> is dominated by war against the Vikings.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>2 May\u003C/strong>, they plunder the \u003Cstrong>abbey of Saint‑Omer\u003C/strong> in Picardy, despite local resistance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Saint_omer_saint_bertin_1520x1238.jpg\" alt=\"Abbey of Saint‑Omer\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Abbey of Saint‑Omer — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In spring and summer, King \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong> campaigns against the Northmen near \u003Cstrong>Wallers\u003C/strong>, not far from \u003Cstrong>Valenciennes\u003C/strong>. The Vikings escape. Soon after, Odo is surprised in \u003Cstrong>Vermandois\u003C/strong> and suffers a setback in turn.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Vikings then push east. On \u003Cstrong>25 June\u003C/strong>, after crossing the \u003Cstrong>Meuse\u003C/strong> near \u003Cstrong>Liège\u003C/strong> and plundering the area around \u003Cstrong>Aachen\u003C/strong>, they defeat an \u003Cstrong>East Frankish\u003C/strong> army on the \u003Cstrong>Gueule\u003C/strong> river.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Their advance is finally stopped by King \u003Cstrong>Arnulf of Carinthia\u003C/strong>. On \u003Cstrong>1 September 891\u003C/strong>, at the \u003Cstrong>battle of Leuven\u003C/strong>, Frankish forces repel the Vikings on the \u003Cstrong>Dyle\u003C/strong>. The Viking leaders \u003Cstrong>Sigfredhr\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Godfredr\u003C/strong> are killed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, a new threat appears in the South: \u003Cstrong>Saracens\u003C/strong> land at \u003Cstrong>Nice\u003C/strong> and begin ravaging \u003Cstrong>Piedmont\u003C/strong>, before moving into the \u003Cstrong>Alps\u003C/strong> to control strategic passes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Taking advantage of unrest, \u003Cstrong>Baldwin II of Flanders\u003C/strong> expands his power and seizes \u003Cstrong>Artois\u003C/strong> up to the \u003Cstrong>Canche\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏛️ 892: princely revolts and new royal campaigns\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>February 892\u003C/strong>, Vikings around \u003Cstrong>Leuven\u003C/strong> launch another campaign. They ravage the \u003Cstrong>left bank of the Rhine\u003C/strong> up to \u003Cstrong>Bonn\u003C/strong>, then enter West Francia via \u003Cstrong>Prüm\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Ardennes\u003C/strong>. The region between \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Cambrai\u003C/strong> is devastated.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>17 April\u003C/strong>, an accidental fire destroys the \u003Cstrong>abbey of Saint‑Vaast of Arras\u003C/strong> and the nearby \u003Cstrong>castrum\u003C/strong>. In revolt against Odo, \u003Cstrong>Baldwin II of Flanders\u003C/strong> seizes \u003Cstrong>Arras\u003C/strong> and restores fortifications.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Abbaye_Saint-Vaast_Arras_%281717%29.png\" alt=\"Abbey of Saint‑Vaast (Arras)\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Abbey of Saint‑Vaast (Arras) — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Odo intervenes in Flanders: he takes \u003Cstrong>Laon\u003C/strong> and executes \u003Cstrong>Count Walter\u003C/strong>. But instability continues and Baldwin withdraws to \u003Cstrong>Bruges\u003C/strong>, mentioned for the first time in sources on this occasion.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>13 June\u003C/strong>, Odo is at \u003Cstrong>Tours\u003C/strong> with his brother \u003Cstrong>Robert\u003C/strong>. He then campaigns in \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, supporting \u003Cstrong>Aymar\u003C/strong>, who becomes count of \u003Cstrong>Poitiers\u003C/strong> against \u003Cstrong>Ebles Manzer\u003C/strong>. After staying at \u003Cstrong>Limoges\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Angoulême\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>Périgueux\u003C/strong>, he marches against \u003Cstrong>William the Pious\u003C/strong> and redistributes some benefices to his supporters.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The king is still attested at \u003Cstrong>Cosne‑sur‑Loire\u003C/strong> on \u003Cstrong>22 September\u003C/strong>, a sign of constant travel to maintain authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In autumn, \u003Cstrong>famine\u003C/strong> strikes West Francia. With local resources exhausted, Vikings leave the continent massively for \u003Cstrong>England\u003C/strong> via \u003Cstrong>Boulogne\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch18z2\">Zoom – 888 and 892: Montfaucon and Montpensier\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 893–896: war between Odo and Charles the Simple\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>893\u003C/strong>, dynastic rivalry breaks into the open in West Francia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>28 January 893\u003C/strong>, the young \u003Cstrong>Charles III\u003C/strong>, called \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>, is anointed king at \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong> by Archbishop \u003Cstrong>Fulk\u003C/strong>. As legitimate Carolingian heir, he is supported by aristocrats attached to Charlemagne’s line: \u003Cstrong>Baldwin II of Flanders\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Pepin of Senlis\u003C/strong> (brother of \u003Cstrong>Herbert of Vermandois\u003C/strong>), and several bishops.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This opens a period of \u003Cstrong>double kingship\u003C/strong>: facing Odo, elected in 888, Carolingian partisans now have their own sovereign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Odo reacts quickly. Supported by \u003Cstrong>William of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Richard the Justiciar\u003C/strong> of Burgundy, he campaigns against his rival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>894: Odo’s counter‑offensive\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>894\u003C/strong>, Odo regains military advantage. Charles is beaten, retreats, and finds refuge in \u003Cstrong>Burgundy\u003C/strong> under his supporters’ protection.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The victory strengthens Odo temporarily but does not end rivalry. West Francia remains deeply divided.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In practice, Odo’s authority is strongest \u003Cstrong>between the Loire and the Seine\u003C/strong>, while Carolingian legitimacy remains strong \u003Cstrong>between the Seine and the Meuse\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Princes between two kings\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The rivalry also reflects aristocratic strategy. Charles is supported by \u003Cstrong>Baldwin II of Flanders\u003C/strong>, worried about Odo’s attempt to regain control of \u003Cstrong>honores\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>royal fisc\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Princes often play \u003Cstrong>one king against the other\u003C/strong> to increase autonomy and consolidate their territories.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>895–896: campaigns\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>895\u003C/strong>, Odo campaigns from \u003Cstrong>Corbie\u003C/strong> and marches on \u003Cstrong>Arras\u003C/strong>, trying to assert authority in the North.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>896\u003C/strong>, he seizes \u003Cstrong>Péronne\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Quentin\u003C/strong>, two important strongholds of \u003Cstrong>Vermandois\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These successes show the king’s real capacity for action, yet dynastic competition continues to weaken monarchy and maintain political instability.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧬 897–898: political compromise and Carolingian return\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Near the end of his reign, King \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong> seeks to end the long rivalry with the Carolingian claimant \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>897\u003C/strong>, several events point toward appeasement. On \u003Cstrong>27 March\u003C/strong>, Easter day, the Norse leader \u003Cstrong>Hundeus (Huncdée)\u003C/strong> is baptised at \u003Cstrong>Denain\u003C/strong>, on the frontier between West Francia and Lotharingia. The young \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>, seeking alliances, acts as \u003Cstrong>godfather\u003C/strong>. The conversion illustrates the complex relations between Frankish princes and Viking leaders, mixing diplomacy, religion, and political strategy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Soon after Easter, \u003Cstrong>negotiations resume between Odo and Charles’s supporters\u003C/strong>. After years of rivalry, the two camps reach a compromise.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Charles agrees to \u003Cstrong>temporarily renounce the throne\u003C/strong> of West Francia. In exchange, he receives the stronghold of \u003Cstrong>Laon\u003C/strong>, an important strategic position in the North. Odo, in return, officially recognises \u003Cstrong>Charles as his successor\u003C/strong>, opening the way to a peaceful return of the Carolingian dynasty.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>898: Odo’s death\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>King \u003Cstrong>Odo\u003C/strong> dies on \u003Cstrong>3 January 898\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>La Fère\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After his death, the great men apply the agreement concluded the year before and recognise \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong> as king of the West Franks. Carolingian monarchy is restored.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the decade that has passed has profoundly transformed the kingdom’s political balance. Odo’s election in \u003Cstrong>888\u003C/strong> has shown that the crown can be \u003Cstrong>granted by aristocratic choice\u003C/strong>, not only by dynastic succession.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch18z4\">Zoom – 898: succession and the Robertian legacy\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Before his death, Odo takes care to preserve his family’s interests. Within the compromise with Charles, lands from the \u003Cstrong>royal fisc\u003C/strong> are granted to his brother \u003Cstrong>Robert\u003C/strong>, strengthening Robertian position.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Even if Carolingians return to the throne, the power of the \u003Cstrong>Robertians\u003C/strong> is not broken. On the contrary, it takes deeper root in the kingdom’s politics — an ascent that will lead, a century later, to \u003Cstrong>Hugh Capet\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>888\u003C/strong>: Odo’s election marks a less dynastic, more political kingship.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Royal legitimacy rests on \u003Cstrong>anointing, aristocratic alliances, and military victories\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>893\u003C/strong>: Charles the Simple’s anointing reveals a deeply contested monarchy.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>898\u003C/strong>: Carolingian return, but Robertian rise is now underway.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Portrait of Odo — Charles de Steuben, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Coronation of Odo — Grandes Chroniques de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Saint‑Omer abbey — Matthieu Debailleul, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Saint‑Vaast abbey (Arras) — Maxence Jeanjean, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch18z1","888: Compiègne and Reims, Two Anointings",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch18z2","888 and 892: Montfaucon and Montpensier",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch18z3","893: The Anointing of Charles the Simple",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch18z4","898: Succession and the Robertian Legacy","",true,false,"888 à 898","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple. Odo is king of the West Franks from 888 to 898 .","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg",{"period":38,"chapters":42},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":39,"coverArtworkId":41},{"fileName":31,"filePageUrl":31,"imageUrl":40,"sourceLabel":31},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[43,49,56,63,69,75,81,87,94,100,107,113,119,125,131,137,143,149,155,161,167,173,179,185,187,193,199,205,211],{"id":44,"title":45,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":46,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":47,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":48,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":53,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":54,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":57,"title":58,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":59,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":60,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":61,"realm":62,"ready":32},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":64,"title":65,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":66,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":60,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":67,"realm":68,"ready":32},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":70,"title":71,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":72,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":73,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":74,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":79,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":80,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":82,"title":83,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":84,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":85,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":86,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":88,"title":89,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":90,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":91,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":92,"realm":93,"ready":32},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":95,"title":96,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":97,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":98,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":99,"realm":55,"ready":32},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":101,"title":102,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":103,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":104,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":105,"realm":106,"ready":32},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":108,"title":109,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":110,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":111,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":112,"realm":68,"ready":32},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":114,"title":115,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":116,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":117,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":118,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":123,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":124,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":126,"title":127,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":128,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":129,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":130,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":132,"title":133,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":134,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":135,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":136,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":138,"title":139,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":140,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":141,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":142,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":144,"title":145,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":146,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":147,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":148,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":150,"title":151,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":152,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":153,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":154,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":156,"title":157,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":158,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":159,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":160,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":162,"title":163,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":164,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":165,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":166,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":168,"title":169,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":170,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":171,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":172,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":174,"title":175,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":176,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":177,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":178,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":180,"title":181,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":182,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":183,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":184,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":36,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":186,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":34,"realm":31,"ready":32},"Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.",{"id":188,"title":189,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":190,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":191,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":192,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":194,"title":195,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":196,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":197,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":198,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":200,"title":201,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":202,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":203,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":204,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":206,"title":207,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":208,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":209,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":210,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":212,"title":213,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":214,"thumbnailArtworkId":31,"hasEn":32,"isFallback":33,"teaser":215,"coverFit":31,"coverPosition":31,"chronicle":216,"realm":31,"ready":32},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069625]