[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":223},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch21:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":43},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":40,"realm":37,"seoDescription":41,"thumbnailUrl":42},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>923\u003C/strong>, the crisis between \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong> and the aristocracy reaches a decisive turning point.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>15 June 923\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Soissons\u003C/strong>, Charles faces the forces of \u003Cstrong>Robert I\u003C/strong>. The battle is brutal: Robert is killed. But the king’s death does not mean a Carolingian victory. Thanks to the intervention of \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, Robert’s son, and \u003Cstrong>Herbert II of Vermandois\u003C/strong>, Charles is defeated and forced to retreat.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The death of Robert compels the kingdom’s great men to find a rapid political solution. They choose \u003Cstrong>Rudolph of Burgundy\u003C/strong> (Raoul/Rodolphe), a powerful duke and, above all, \u003Cstrong>Robert I’s son‑in‑law\u003C/strong>. This choice ensures continuity with the Robertian camp without placing the crown directly on the head of its main heir.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph is anointed on \u003Cstrong>13 July 923\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>Soissons\u003C/strong>. But behind this election, the real pivot of power is \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, count of Paris and duke of the Franks. His support is indispensable. He becomes the kingdom’s principal arbiter and will draw long‑term advantage from this position.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Karel_Rudolf.jpg\" alt=\"Imprisonment of Charles the Simple and the coronation of Rudolph of Burgundy\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Imprisonment of Charles the Simple and the coronation of Rudolph of Burgundy — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The new king nevertheless inherits an extremely fragile situation. \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>, still alive, remains a political threat. Before the end of \u003Cstrong>923\u003C/strong>, he is captured by \u003Cstrong>Herbert II of Vermandois\u003C/strong> and imprisoned at \u003Cstrong>Péronne\u003C/strong>. His captivity becomes a permanent instrument of pressure over royal power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, the realm remains under military stress. Charles’s supporters, including Norman groups, continue to threaten northern territories. \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, Archbishop of Reims \u003Cstrong>Seulf\u003C/strong>, and Herbert organise defence on the left bank of the \u003Cstrong>Oise\u003C/strong>, while a truce is concluded until spring \u003Cstrong>924\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph cannot limit himself to stabilising West Francia. As early as autumn \u003Cstrong>923\u003C/strong>, he launches an expedition into \u003Cstrong>Lotharingia\u003C/strong>, besieges and takes \u003Cstrong>Saverne\u003C/strong> with the support of the bishop of Metz \u003Cstrong>Wigeric\u003C/strong>. Facing this offensive, Duke \u003Cstrong>Gilbert\u003C/strong> and the archbishop of \u003Cstrong>Trier\u003C/strong> appeal to the East Frankish king \u003Cstrong>Henry the Fowler\u003C/strong>, who intervenes and ravages the region without securing durable allegiance from Lotharingian great men.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After obtaining submission from part of \u003Cstrong>Lotharingia\u003C/strong>, Rudolph turns to another essential front: \u003Cstrong>Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, where he tries to assert authority in a space dominated by powerful territorial princes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Kingship now rests on an unstable balance:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>a king on the throne (\u003Cstrong>Rudolph\u003C/strong>),\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>a captive king (\u003Cstrong>Charles\u003C/strong>),\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>and princes — especially \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong> — able to tip power.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z1\">Zoom – 923: Soissons, Robert I, and Rudolph’s anointing\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🐉 923–926: Normans and permanent war\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From the beginning of his reign, Rudolph faces an unavoidable reality: the \u003Cstrong>Normans\u003C/strong> are durably established and can strike on multiple fronts.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>As early as \u003Cstrong>923\u003C/strong>, they show their reach by besieging \u003Cstrong>Clermont\u003C/strong>, indicating that their expeditions no longer remain confined to the North.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 924: war, negotiation, and local defence\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>924\u003C/strong>, Rudolph seeks to stabilise the situation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After making peace with \u003Cstrong>William II of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, he holds a full court at \u003Cstrong>Autun\u003C/strong> and then at \u003Cstrong>Chalon\u003C/strong>, where he organises power and rewards loyal men. But Viking pressure remains strong.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Vicente_Carducho._El_Paular_06.jpg\" alt=\"William II of Aquitaine submits to Rudolph\">\n\u003Cem>William II of Aquitaine submits to Rudolph — Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>6 December 924\u003C/strong>, a coalition of counts and bishops — including \u003Cstrong>Garnier of Sens\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Manasses of Dijon\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Ansegise of Troyes\u003C/strong>, and \u003Cstrong>Gosselin of Langres\u003C/strong> — inflicts a severe defeat on the Viking leader \u003Cstrong>Ragenold\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>Calaus mons\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This victory highlights a major evolution: defence increasingly rests on \u003Cstrong>regional coalitions\u003C/strong>, rather than the royal army alone.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, Rudolph chooses compromise: he grants \u003Cstrong>Rollo\u003C/strong> new territories, notably the \u003Cstrong>Bessin\u003C/strong> (and probably Maine), to secure a relative peace.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🔥 925: raids resume, Frankish responses\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Peace remains fragile.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>925\u003C/strong>, the Normans break the truce and renew offensives:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Amiénois\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Beauvaisis\u003C/strong> are ravaged,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Amiens\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Arras\u003C/strong> are burned,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Noyon\u003C/strong> resists.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Local forces respond. Men from the \u003Cstrong>Bessin\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Paris region\u003C/strong>, dependent on \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, counter‑attack in Norman territories, forcing a retreat.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph regains the initiative in summer. He gathers his vassals and besieges the Norman castle of \u003Cstrong>Eu\u003C/strong>, which he captures.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the situation remains unstable: in \u003Cstrong>August 925\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong> makes his own agreement with the Normans, showing that conflict management depends not only on the king but also on major princes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚠️ 926: royal defeat and tribute\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>926\u003C/strong> turns against the king.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>January 926\u003C/strong>, Rudolph is defeated at \u003Cstrong>Fauquembergues\u003C/strong>, on the \u003Cstrong>Aa\u003C/strong>. \u003Cstrong>Count Helgaud of Montreuil\u003C/strong> is killed and the king is badly wounded. He survives thanks only to \u003Cstrong>Herbert II of Vermandois\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Weakened, Rudolph negotiates and pays a \u003Cstrong>tribute to the Vikings\u003C/strong> — the last major tribute paid in West Francia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This defeat shows the limits of royal power:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>military dependence on the great,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>unstable alliances,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>inability to impose durable domination.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z4\">Zoom – 924–930: from Rollo to William Longsword\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚖️ 926–930: princes against princes, a fragmented kingdom\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After the defeat of 926, conflict is no longer only against the Normans: it is also between the kingdom’s great men.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The rivalry between \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Herbert II of Vermandois\u003C/strong> becomes central. Herbert strengthens his position by exploiting a major asset: \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong>, whom he releases in \u003Cstrong>927\u003C/strong> and again recognises as legitimate king.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He even allies with the Seine Normans: \u003Cstrong>William Longsword\u003C/strong> pays homage to Charles.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph must intervene. A confrontation takes place on the \u003Cstrong>Oise\u003C/strong>, but through Hugh’s mediation a compromise is reached: Herbert gives hostages and accepts negotiations.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>928\u003C/strong>, Herbert obtains \u003Cstrong>Laon\u003C/strong>, a crucial strategic stronghold, in exchange for rallying. Charles the Simple is again sidelined and returned to captivity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These events show that royal power is now secondary to princely ambitions, as princes control:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>territories,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>fortresses,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>and claimants to the throne.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚰️ 929: the end of a captive king\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>929\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Charles the Simple\u003C/strong> dies in captivity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His death deeply changes the political situation. For years, Herbert II could threaten to release the Carolingian to weaken Rudolph. This \u003Cstrong>dynastic lever disappears\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But this does not truly strengthen royal authority. The problem is no longer dynastic: it is \u003Cstrong>structural\u003C/strong>. Power rests with princes, and the king must negotiate with them.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z2\">Zoom – 929: Charles the Simple’s death and the end of a lever\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧱 930–936: a king as arbiter in a kingdom of princes\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the \u003Cstrong>930s\u003C/strong>, Rudolph’s reign enters a new phase. War against the Normans gradually recedes, but the kingdom remains unstable. The main challenge is now \u003Cstrong>political\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph must act as an \u003Cstrong>arbiter among aristocratic powers\u003C/strong>, especially between \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Herbert II of Vermandois\u003C/strong>, whose rivalry structures political life.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ 930–932: arbitrating great men’s conflicts\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>930\u003C/strong>, Rudolph is at \u003Cstrong>Autun\u003C/strong> (23 March), but he is quickly forced to intervene in northern conflicts.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rivalry escalates when \u003Cstrong>Ernaut of Douai\u003C/strong>, Hugh’s vassal, joins Herbert’s camp. The king mediates. An agreement is reached:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Boson\u003C/strong>, Rudolph’s brother, should recover \u003Cstrong>Vitry‑en‑Perthois\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>but tensions immediately resume, fuelled by betrayals and shifting alliances.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Conflict degenerates into a feudal war:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Douai\u003C/strong> is besieged and taken by Hugh’s allies,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Saint‑Quentin\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Coucy\u003C/strong> change hands,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mouzon\u003C/strong> is taken and retaken.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The king no longer controls territory directly; he tries to \u003Cstrong>regulate conflicts\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>931\u003C/strong>, Rudolph tightens his alliance with Hugh. Together, they retake \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong> and impose a new archbishop, \u003Cstrong>Artald\u003C/strong>, replacing Herbert’s son.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>They also retake \u003Cstrong>Laon\u003C/strong>. Herbert seeks help from \u003Cstrong>Henry the Fowler\u003C/strong>, without immediate success.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph must also suppress unrest in Burgundy. He returns to face revolts, notably those of \u003Cstrong>Garnier of Sens\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Gilbert of Dijon\u003C/strong>, who submit in \u003Cstrong>932\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🌍 932–934: a fragmented yet stabilised kingdom\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>932\u003C/strong>, several southern princes, including \u003Cstrong>Raymond Pons of Toulouse\u003C/strong> and Gascon lords, pay homage to Rudolph, showing that authority is still recognised in parts of the realm.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the North, struggle continues:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Herbert takes new places,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Hugh retakes \u003Cstrong>Amiens\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Quentin\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Péronne\u003C/strong> still resists.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph intervenes personally and retakes some points, including the abbey of \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Médard of Soissons\u003C/strong>, a symbol of power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>933\u003C/strong>, the king also acts territorially:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>he intervenes in the \u003Cstrong>Rhône\u003C/strong> valley to support \u003Cstrong>Charles‑Constantine\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>Vienne\u003C/strong>,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>and grants \u003Cstrong>William Longsword\u003C/strong> the \u003Cstrong>Cotentin\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Avranchin\u003C/strong>, durably strengthening Normandy.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>War against Herbert continues: \u003Cstrong>Château‑Thierry\u003C/strong> is besieged, cities change hands, no victory is decisive.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>934\u003C/strong>, a new campaign against Herbert is led with Hugh. After months of siege, an \u003Cstrong>armistice\u003C/strong> is imposed through Henry the Fowler’s intervention.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🤝 935: a balance of powers\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The year \u003Cstrong>935\u003C/strong> brings relative calm.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph gathers the great men at a \u003Cstrong>plaid at Soissons\u003C/strong>, then meets neighbouring rulers, notably \u003Cstrong>Henry the Fowler\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Rudolph II of Burgundy\u003C/strong>, at a meeting on the \u003Cstrong>Chiers\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A major agreement is concluded:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Herbert II\u003C/strong> submits to the king,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>peace is restored between Herbert and Hugh,\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>territorial balances are stabilised.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In a charter issued at \u003Cstrong>Attigny\u003C/strong>, Rudolph affirms a will to govern through \u003Cstrong>peace and trust\u003C/strong>, not war.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This is the outcome of his reign: not a military triumph, but a \u003Cstrong>negotiated political equilibrium\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚰️ 936: the end of a king‑arbiter\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Weakened by illness, Rudolph dies on \u003Cstrong>15 January 936\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>Auxerre\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His reign does not restore a strong monarchy, but it maintains balance in a kingdom dominated by princes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At his death, power returns to those who effectively wield it: the kingdom’s great men, especially \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, who chooses to recall a Carolingian, \u003Cstrong>Louis IV\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z3\">Zoom – 931: Reims, Laon, and the fortress game\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003Cbr>\n🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z6\">Zoom – 935: the Hungarians in Champagne and Burgundy\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚰️ 936: Rudolph’s death and the Carolingian return\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Rudolph dies on \u003Cstrong>15 January 936\u003C/strong> at \u003Cstrong>Auxerre\u003C/strong>, without an heir able to succeed him durably.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Once again, the decision belongs to the great. The key figure is \u003Cstrong>Hugh the Great\u003C/strong>, now the principal “kingmaker”.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Rather than taking the crown himself, he recalls a Carolingian: \u003Cstrong>Louis IV\u003C/strong>, called \u003Cstrong>“d’Outremer”\u003C/strong>, raised in England.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The choice confirms a political reality:\u003Cbr>\nkingship is no longer an autonomous power, but a function \u003Cstrong>granted and controlled by the aristocracy\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch21z5\">Zoom – 936: Louis IV “d’Outremer”, a recalled king\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>923\u003C/strong>: Rudolph is chosen as a compromise king in a fractured realm.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>923–929\u003C/strong>: war and negotiation with Normans, gradually integrated into the kingdom.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>929\u003C/strong>: Charles the Simple dies, ending a Carolingian lever… but not princely power.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>930s\u003C/strong>: the king governs as \u003Cstrong>arbiter\u003C/strong>, dependent on aristocratic alliances.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>935\u003C/strong>: victory over the Hungarians, symbol of a temporary respite.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>936\u003C/strong>: the great men recall \u003Cstrong>Louis IV\u003C/strong>, confirming a monarchy controlled by elites.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Portrait of Rudolph of France — François‑Louis Dejuinne, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>William II of Aquitaine submits to Rudolph — Vincenzo Carducci, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Imprisonment of Charles the Simple and the coronation of Rudolph of Burgundy — Karel Rudolf, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25,28,31,34],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch21z1","923: Soissons, Robert I, and Rudolph’s Anointing",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch21z2","929: Charles the Simple’s Death and the End of a Lever",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch21z3","931: Reims, Laon, and the Fortress Game",{"id":29,"title":30},"p4ch21z4","924–930: From Rollo to William Longsword",{"id":32,"title":33},"p4ch21z5","936: Louis IV “d’Outremer”, a Recalled King",{"id":35,"title":36},"p4ch21z6","935: Hungarians in Champagne and Burgundy","",true,false,"923 à 936","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936). In 923 , the crisis between Charles the Simple and the","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg",{"period":44,"chapters":48},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":45,"coverArtworkId":47},{"fileName":37,"filePageUrl":37,"imageUrl":46,"sourceLabel":37},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[49,55,62,69,75,81,87,93,100,106,113,119,125,131,137,143,149,155,161,167,173,179,185,191,197,203,209,211,217],{"id":50,"title":51,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":52,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":53,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":54,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":56,"title":57,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":58,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":59,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":60,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":63,"title":64,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":65,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":66,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":67,"realm":68,"ready":38},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":70,"title":71,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":72,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":66,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":73,"realm":74,"ready":38},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":79,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":80,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":82,"title":83,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":84,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":85,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":86,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":88,"title":89,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":90,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":91,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":92,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":94,"title":95,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":96,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":97,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":98,"realm":99,"ready":38},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":101,"title":102,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":103,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":104,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":105,"realm":61,"ready":38},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":107,"title":108,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":109,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":110,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":111,"realm":112,"ready":38},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":114,"title":115,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":116,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":117,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":118,"realm":74,"ready":38},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":123,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":124,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.","584 à 629",{"id":126,"title":127,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":128,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":129,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":130,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":132,"title":133,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":134,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":135,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":136,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":138,"title":139,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":140,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":141,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":142,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":144,"title":145,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":146,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":147,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":148,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":150,"title":151,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":152,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":153,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":154,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":156,"title":157,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":158,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":159,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":160,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":162,"title":163,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":164,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":165,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":166,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":168,"title":169,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":170,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":171,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":172,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":174,"title":175,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":176,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":177,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":178,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":180,"title":181,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":182,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":183,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":184,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":186,"title":187,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":188,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":189,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":190,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":192,"title":193,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":194,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":195,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":196,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":198,"title":199,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":200,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":201,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":202,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":204,"title":205,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":206,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":207,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":208,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":42,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":210,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":40,"realm":37,"ready":38},"Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).",{"id":212,"title":213,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":214,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":215,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":216,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":218,"title":219,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":220,"thumbnailArtworkId":37,"hasEn":38,"isFallback":39,"teaser":221,"coverFit":37,"coverPosition":37,"chronicle":222,"realm":37,"ready":38},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543069755]