[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":214},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p4ch6:en":3,"chapters:p4:en":34},{"period":4,"chapter":14},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"html":17,"zooms":18,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":31,"realm":28,"seoDescription":32,"thumbnailUrl":33},"p4ch6","Chlothar II: The Survivor and the Unifier","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>584\u003C/strong>, when King \u003Cstrong>Chilperic I\u003C/strong> was assassinated, his son \u003Cstrong>Chlothar II\u003C/strong> was only a four-month-old infant.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In a Frankish world ravaged by nearly half a century of dynastic wars, no one would have bet on the survival of this child.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Yet Chlothar II would become the man who ended the \u003Cstrong>bloody royal feud\u003C/strong> opposing the descendants of Chlothar I.\u003Cbr>\nAfter a youth spent in war and uncertainty, he ultimately managed to \u003Cstrong>reunify the entire Frankish kingdom\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His reign marks a turning point: the end of the great Merovingian civil wars and the establishment of a new political balance between the king, the aristocracy, and the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His long reign (584 → 629) can be divided into two periods:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>a \u003Cstrong>long and fragile minority\u003C/strong>, under the protection of his mother \u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong> and his uncle \u003Cstrong>Guntram\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>then a \u003Cstrong>political triumph\u003C/strong>, making him the sole king of all Frankish Gaul\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⏳ Timeline of triumph\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>584\u003C/strong>: birth of Chlothar II and assassination of his father. Start of \u003Cstrong>Fredegund’s\u003C/strong> regency.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>593\u003C/strong>: \u003Cstrong>Battle of Droizy\u003C/strong>. Unexpected victory for Neustria.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>597\u003C/strong>: death of \u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong>. Chlothar begins to rule alone.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>600\u003C/strong>: \u003Cstrong>Battle of Dormelles\u003C/strong>. Major defeat against his cousins.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>613\u003C/strong>: fall and execution of \u003Cstrong>Brunhilda\u003C/strong>. Chlothar becomes sole king of all the Franks.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>614\u003C/strong>: proclamation of the \u003Cstrong>Edict of Paris\u003C/strong>, stabilising the kingdom.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>623\u003C/strong>: Chlothar installs his son \u003Cstrong>Dagobert I\u003C/strong> as king of Austrasia.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>629\u003C/strong>: death of Chlothar II.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🛡️ Neustria’s survival (584–613)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Chilperic I’s death, the situation was critical.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Neustria\u003C/strong> was surrounded by enemies:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Austrasia\u003C/strong>, led by \u003Cstrong>Brunhilda\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Burgundy\u003C/strong>, allied to his adversaries\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>many aristocrats hostile to the Neustrian dynasty\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png\" alt=\"The kingdom of the Franks in 581\">\n\u003Cem>The kingdom of the Franks in 581 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The kingdom’s survival rested on two essential figures:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong>, Chlothar’s mother\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Guntram\u003C/strong>, king of Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Guntram agreed to protect the child and recognised Chlothar as the legitimate heir, preventing Neustria’s immediate collapse.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Fredegund then led resistance with formidable efficiency: political alliances, court intrigue, and elimination of rivals kept her son on the throne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch6z1\">Zoom – Fredegund and Guntram: regency under extreme danger\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🛡️ Guntram’s protection (584–587)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Chilperic I’s death, young Chlothar II’s position was extremely fragile.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>King \u003Cstrong>Guntram of Burgundy\u003C/strong> intervened to prevent Neustria’s collapse. He acted both as protector of the child and as guarantor of balance among the Frankish kingdoms.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To restore royal authority, Guntram sent his officer \u003Cstrong>Ansoald\u003C/strong> to retake control of Neustrian cities abandoned after Chilperic’s death.\u003Cbr>\nThese towns swore loyalty to \u003Cstrong>Guntram and Chlothar II\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Guntram also tried to restore order in the Church:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>he returned the see to \u003Cstrong>Praetextatus\u003C/strong>, bishop of Rouen, unjustly deposed\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>he removed \u003Cstrong>Melaine\u003C/strong>, who had been installed in his place\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, some cities fell under Austrasian influence.\u003Cbr>\nEnvoys of \u003Cstrong>Brunhilda\u003C/strong>, notably Duke \u003Cstrong>Gararic\u003C/strong> and the chamberlain \u003Cstrong>Eberon\u003C/strong>, rallied:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Limoges\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Tours\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Poitiers\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>with the support of influential bishops such as \u003Cstrong>Gregory of Tours\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Venantius Fortunatus\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Guntram reacted quickly: his armies retook these cities and reintegrated them under his authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, \u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong> was kept away from power.\u003Cbr>\nShe was installed in the \u003Cstrong>villa of Vaudreuil\u003C/strong>, in the diocese of Rouen, under the supervision of Bishop Praetextatus.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⛪ The contested baptism of Chlothar (585)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In summer \u003Cstrong>585\u003C/strong>, Guntram returned to \u003Cstrong>Paris\u003C/strong> to become the godfather of the young Chlothar II.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To confirm the prince’s legitimacy, he demanded a solemn oath:\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong>, three bishops, and nearly \u003Cstrong>three hundred Neustrian aristocrats\u003C/strong> swore that Chlothar was indeed Chilperic’s son.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite this public recognition, the baptism was ultimately cancelled.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A council was initially planned at \u003Cstrong>Troyes\u003C/strong>, but Austrasian bishops refused to attend if Chlothar was not excluded from succession.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The council was moved to \u003Cstrong>Mâcon\u003C/strong>, where it met on \u003Cstrong>23 October 585\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg\" alt=\"Council of Mâcon in 585\">\n\u003Cem>Council of Mâcon in 585 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ Fredegund’s return (587–592)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Despite Guntram’s surveillance, \u003Cstrong>Fredegund\u003C/strong> managed to regain the initiative.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>Rouen\u003C/strong>, Bishop \u003Cstrong>Praetextatus\u003C/strong> was attacked during Mass and mortally wounded.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Before dying, he openly accused Fredegund of ordering his assassination as well as those of several Merovingian kings.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg\" alt=\"Praetextatus accuses Fredegund\">\n\u003Cem>Praetextatus accuses Fredegund — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Freed from surveillance, the queen worked to rally nobles and bishops of Neustria to her son.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>She notably reinstated \u003Cstrong>Melaine\u003C/strong> as bishop of Rouen, despite Guntram’s opposition.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Guntram tried to weaken her influence by attracting part of Neustrian aristocracy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He managed to retake several important cities:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Angers\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Saintes\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Nantes\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🤝 The Pact of Andelot (587)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Facing Fredegund’s intrigues, Guntram decided to strengthen alliance with Austrasia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>587\u003C/strong>, he concluded with \u003Cstrong>Childebert II\u003C/strong> the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Andelot\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The pact provided:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>a durable alliance between Burgundy and Austrasia\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>mutual recognition of territories\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>a succession agreement: if one king died without an heir, the other would inherit his kingdom\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>When Guntram died in \u003Cstrong>592\u003C/strong>, this agreement allowed \u003Cstrong>Childebert II\u003C/strong> to become king of both Austrasia and Burgundy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ From abyss to triumph: major battles\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The beginning of Chlothar II’s reign was a fight for survival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Droizy (593)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Neustrian armies faced Austrasian forces.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>According to chronicles, Chlothar’s soldiers advanced \u003Cstrong>hidden behind tree branches\u003C/strong>, giving the impression of a moving forest.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This trick panicked the enemy ranks and produced an unexpected victory.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Dormelles (600)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>A few years later, the situation reversed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Chlothar was \u003Cstrong>crushed\u003C/strong> by the armies of his cousins \u003Cstrong>Theudebert II\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Theuderic II\u003C/strong>, sons of Childebert II.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Neustria was reduced to a small territory around:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Rouen\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Amiens\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Beauvais\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>For more than \u003Cstrong>thirteen years\u003C/strong>, Chlothar remained in an extremely weak position.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ Wars between Austrasia and Burgundy (610–612)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After Childebert II died in \u003Cstrong>595\u003C/strong>, his kingdom was divided between his two sons:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Theudebert II\u003C/strong>, king of Austrasia\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Theuderic II\u003C/strong>, king of Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Tensions between the brothers led to open war.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>610\u003C/strong>, Theudebert initially won several victories.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But the situation soon reversed: Theuderic II won decisive successes at \u003Cstrong>Toul\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Tolbiac\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Guerre_entre_Thierry_II_%28587-613%29_roi_de_Burgondie_et_Theodobert_son_fr%C3%A8re_en_612.jpg\" alt=\"War between Austrasia and Burgundy in 612\">\n\u003Cem>War between Austrasia and Burgundy in 612 — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Theudebert was captured and executed with his children in \u003Cstrong>612\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Theuderic then united \u003Cstrong>Austrasia and Burgundy\u003C/strong> under his authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 613: the fall of Brunhilda\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After defeating his brother in 612, \u003Cstrong>Theuderic II\u003C/strong> seemed close to reconstituting a vast kingdom uniting \u003Cstrong>Austrasia and Burgundy\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But this dominance did not last.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>613\u003C/strong>, as he prepared a campaign against \u003Cstrong>Chlothar II\u003C/strong>, Theuderic died suddenly at \u003Cstrong>Metz\u003C/strong>, probably of dysentery. His death triggered immediate crisis.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Queen \u003Cstrong>Brunhilda\u003C/strong>, still highly influential, tried to keep power by placing her great-grandson \u003Cstrong>Sigebert II\u003C/strong>, Theuderic’s son, on the throne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But a large part of Austrasian aristocracy refused to continue under her authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Great nobles, notably:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Pepin of Landen\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Arnulf of Metz\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>turned to \u003Cstrong>Chlothar II\u003C/strong>, king of Neustria, and invited him to intervene.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Chlothar marched quickly east.\u003Cbr>\nWhen the two armies met, Austrasian troops refused to fight for Brunhilda.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The queen and Theuderic’s sons were captured and delivered to Chlothar.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The children were executed (with a few spared), while \u003Cstrong>Brunhilda was tried for numerous political assassinations\u003C/strong>, including those of several Merovingian kings.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>She was sentenced to a spectacular punishment:\u003Cbr>\nafter days of torture, she was \u003Cstrong>tied to a wild horse and dragged to death\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Supplice_de_Brunehaut.jpg\" alt=\"Punishment of Brunhilda\">\n\u003Cem>Punishment of Brunhilda — Source: Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This execution symbolically ended the long \u003Cstrong>royal feud\u003C/strong> between Merovingian dynasties.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>613\u003C/strong>, for the first time since the division of 561, \u003Cstrong>Chlothar II became the sole king of all the Franks\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch6z2\">Zoom – The end of Brunhilda: the last act of the tragedy\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 Reorganising the unified kingdom\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>As sole king, Chlothar II had to rebuild a kingdom deeply divided.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He confirmed the power of several great aristocratic families, notably:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>the \u003Cstrong>Pippinids\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the \u003Cstrong>Arnulfings\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These families would soon play a major role in Frankish history.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The king also relied on the \u003Cstrong>mayors of the palace\u003C/strong>, who became essential figures of royal administration.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Originally simple household managers, they gradually gained considerable political influence.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📜 The Edict of Paris (614)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>To stabilise the kingdom, Chlothar II issued a major text in \u003Cstrong>614\u003C/strong>: the \u003Cstrong>Edict of Paris\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This edict functioned as a pact between the king, the aristocracy, and the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>It notably provided:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>that \u003Cstrong>counts\u003C/strong> be chosen among local elites\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>that \u003Cstrong>bishops\u003C/strong> play a larger role in administration\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>that some fiscal injustices be corrected\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The edict helped ease tensions after decades of war.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But it also strengthened the political influence of great aristocratic families.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/en/zoom/p4ch6z3\">Zoom – The Edict of Paris: the price of peace\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⛪ Spiritual renewal\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Chlothar II’s reign also corresponded to a religious renewal.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Monks from Ireland, led by \u003Cstrong>Saint Columbanus\u003C/strong>, founded many monasteries in the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>These establishments became:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>centres of prayer\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>cultural hubs\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>places of agricultural development\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The monastery of \u003Cstrong>Luxeuil\u003C/strong> became one of the great spiritual centres of Merovingian Gaul.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 Preparing the future: Dagobert\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the last years of his reign, Chlothar faced demands from Austrasian aristocrats.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To calm tensions, he agreed in \u003Cstrong>623\u003C/strong> to place his son \u003Cstrong>Dagobert I\u003C/strong> at the head of Austrasia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This decision prepared the transition to a new generation of rulers.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Dagobert would soon become one of the most powerful Merovingian kings.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>☠️ The king’s death\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Chlothar II died in \u003Cstrong>629\u003C/strong>, after more than forty years of reign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>His main achievement was to have \u003Cstrong>restored the unity of the Frankish kingdom\u003C/strong> after decades of dynastic wars.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This unity enabled a new moment of stability under \u003Cstrong>Dagobert I\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Chlothar II\u003C/strong>, son of Chilperic and Fredegund, survived an extremely dangerous childhood.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>In \u003Cstrong>613\u003C/strong>, he ended the \u003Cstrong>royal feud\u003C/strong> and became \u003Cstrong>the sole king of the Franks\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The \u003Cstrong>Edict of Paris (614)\u003C/strong> stabilised the kingdom but strengthened aristocracy.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His reign prepared the kingdom’s rise under \u003Cstrong>Dagobert I\u003C/strong>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch1>Image credits\u003C/h1>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Portrait of Chlothar II — Raymond Monvoisin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The kingdom of the Franks in 581 — Romain0, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Council of Mâcon in 585 — Romain0, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Praetextatus accuses Fredegund — Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Punishment of Brunhilda — Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>War between Austrasia and Burgundy in 612 — Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[19,22,25],{"id":20,"title":21},"p4ch6z1","Fredegund and Guntram: Regency Under Extreme Danger",{"id":23,"title":24},"p4ch6z2","The End of Brunhilda: The Last Act of the Tragedy",{"id":26,"title":27},"p4ch6z3","The Edict of Paris (614): The Price of Peace","",true,false,"584 à 629","La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc. In 584 , when King Chilperic I was assassinated, his son Chlothar II was only a four-month-old","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch6.png",{"period":35,"chapters":39},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":36,"coverArtworkId":38},{"fileName":28,"filePageUrl":28,"imageUrl":37,"sourceLabel":28},"/assets/carousels/p4/Alma-Tadema The Education of the Children of Clovis.jpg","alma-tadema-the-education-of-the-children-of-clovis",[40,46,53,60,66,72,78,84,91,97,104,110,112,118,124,130,136,142,148,154,160,166,172,178,184,190,196,202,208],{"id":41,"title":42,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":43,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":44,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":45,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch1","Clovis: The King Who Forged Gaul","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch1.jpg","Le premier grand roi franc et l'unification de la Gaule.","481 à 511",{"id":47,"title":48,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":49,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":50,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":51,"realm":52,"ready":29},"p4ch2","Theuderic I: Heir of the East (Austrasia)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2.jpg","Le partage de 511 et la naissance de l'Austrasie.","511 à 534","Austrasie",{"id":54,"title":55,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":56,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":57,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":58,"realm":59,"ready":29},"p4ch2b","Clodomir: Orléans and the Burgundian War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2b.png","Division of the Frankish kingdom after the death of Clovis — Source: Wikimedia Commons","511 à 524","Orléans",{"id":61,"title":62,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":63,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":57,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":64,"realm":65,"ready":29},"p4ch2c","Childebert I: Paris, Alliances, and Expansion","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch2c.jpg","511 à 558","Paris",{"id":67,"title":68,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":69,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":70,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":71,"realm":52,"ready":29},"p4ch3","Theudebert I: Austrasia’s King Looking Toward Rome","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3.png","Un roi d'Austrasie, entre Méditerranée, monnaie et ambitions italiennes.","534 à 548",{"id":73,"title":74,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":75,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":76,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":77,"realm":52,"ready":29},"p4ch3b","Theudebald: A Brief Reign in Austrasia","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch3b.png","The Frankish kingdom in 548 — Source: Wikimedia Commons","548 à 555",{"id":79,"title":80,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":81,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":82,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":83,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch4","Chlothar I: The Last Son of Clovis","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch4.jpg","Rivalités mérovingiennes et retour au royaume unique (558).","511 à 561",{"id":85,"title":86,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":87,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":88,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":89,"realm":90,"ready":29},"p4ch5","Chilperic I: Ambition and the Royal Feud","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5.jpg","Les luttes de pouvoir et la rivalité Frédégonde-Brunehaut après 561.","561 à 584","Neustrie",{"id":92,"title":93,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":94,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":95,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":96,"realm":52,"ready":29},"p4ch5b","Sigebert I: Austrasia and the Brothers’ War","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5b.jpg","In 561 , King Chlothar I , the last son of Clovis , died. As in the previous generation, his kingdom was divided among his sons.","561 à 575",{"id":98,"title":99,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":100,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":101,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":102,"realm":103,"ready":29},"p4ch5c","Guntram: Burgundy and Merovingian Arbitration","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5c.jpg","After King Chlothar I died in 561 , the Frankish kingdom was once again divided among his sons.","561 à 592","Bourgogne",{"id":105,"title":106,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":107,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":108,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":109,"realm":65,"ready":29},"p4ch5d","Charibert I: Paris and a Brief Reign","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch5d.png","In 561 , after King Chlothar I died, the Frankish kingdom was divided among his sons according to Merovingian tradition.","561 à 567",{"id":15,"title":16,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":33,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":111,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":31,"realm":28,"ready":29},"La fin de la Faide royale et la réunification du royaume franc.",{"id":113,"title":114,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":115,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":116,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":117,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch7","Dagobert I: The Last Great Merovingian King","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch7.png","L'âge d'or mérovingien, Saint Éloi et la fondation de Saint-Denis.","629 à 639",{"id":119,"title":120,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":121,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":122,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":123,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch8","The Mayors of the Palace: Power Shifts (639–687)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch8.jpg","Après Dagobert, la réalité du pouvoir passe aux maires du palais.","639 à 687",{"id":125,"title":126,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":127,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":128,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":129,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch9","Pepin of Herstal: Prince of the Franks (687–714)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch9.png","Après Tertry, Pépin de Herstal gouverne comme l'homme fort du royaume.","687 à 714",{"id":131,"title":132,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":133,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":134,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":135,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch10.png","Après 714, Charles Martel devient l'homme fort du royaume franc.","714 à 741",{"id":137,"title":138,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":139,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":140,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":141,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch11","Pepin the Short: From Real Power to the Crown (741–768)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch11.png","Après 741, Pépin transforme le pouvoir pépinide en royauté.","741 à 768",{"id":143,"title":144,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":145,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":146,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":147,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch12.png","Après 768, Charlemagne unifie le pouvoir et change d’échelle.","768 à 814",{"id":149,"title":150,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":151,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":152,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":153,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch13","Louis the Pious: The Empire Put to the Test (814–840)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch13.png","À partir de 814, Louis le Pieux tente de maintenir l’unité impériale face aux crises successorales.","814 à 840",{"id":155,"title":156,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":157,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":158,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":159,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch14","Charles the Bald: The Birth of West Francia (840–877)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch14.png","Après 840, la Francie occidentale se stabilise entre guerre civile, Vikings et pouvoirs locaux.","840 à 877",{"id":161,"title":162,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":163,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":164,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":165,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch15","Louis the Stammerer: A Short Reign, a Fragile Kingdom (877–879)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch15.png","Après 877, Louis le Bègue hérite d’un royaume fragilisé et doit composer avec les grands.","877 à 879",{"id":167,"title":168,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":169,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":170,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":171,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch16","Louis III and Carloman II: Two Kings Facing the Vikings (879–884)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch16.jpg","Après 879, deux rois et un royaume sous pression viking ; le pouvoir se joue aussi chez les grands.","879 à 884",{"id":173,"title":174,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":175,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":176,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":177,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch17","Charles the Fat: Carolingian Unity and the Crisis of Power (884–888)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch17.jpg","Le siège de Paris (885–886) met à nu la crise du pouvoir carolingien, jusqu’à la rupture de 887–888.","884 à 888",{"id":179,"title":180,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":181,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":182,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":183,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch18","Odo: The Robertian King and the War of Prestige (888–898)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch18.jpg","Eudes impose une royauté robertienne par sacres, alliances et victoires, face à Charles le Simple.","888 à 898",{"id":185,"title":186,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":187,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":188,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":189,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch19.jpg","Retour carolingien : compromis de 911, axe lotharingien, ambitions impériales, puis déposition et captivité.","898 à 929",{"id":191,"title":192,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":193,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":194,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":195,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch20","Robert I: The Robertian King of Civil War (922–923)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch20.jpg","Règne bref et décisif : sacre de 922, guerre civile, mort à Soissons et transition vers Raoul.","922 à 923",{"id":197,"title":198,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":199,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":200,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":201,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch21","Rudolph of Burgundy: King of the Franks Between Princes and Normans (923–936)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch21.jpg","Règne de Raoul : arbitrer entre princes, stabiliser la Normandie, puis succession carolingienne (936).","923 à 936",{"id":203,"title":204,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":205,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":206,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":207,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch22","Louis IV \\\"d’Outremer\\\": Carolingian Return and the Princes’ War (936–954)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch22.jpg","Restauration carolingienne : rivalité avec Hugues le Grand, crise lotharingienne, capture de 945, puis consolidation.","936 à 954",{"id":209,"title":210,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":211,"thumbnailArtworkId":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"teaser":212,"coverFit":28,"coverPosition":28,"chronicle":213,"realm":28,"ready":29},"p4ch23","Lothair and Louis V: The End of the Carolingians (954–987)","/assets/covers/cover-p4ch23.jpg","Lothaire et Louis V : guerre avec l’Empire, crise lotharingienne, mort de 987 et bascule capétienne.","954 à 987",1778543068887]