[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":25},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p3ch4z4:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":15,"zoom":18},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p3","From 50 BC to the Fall of Rome","De 50 a. C. a la caída de Roma","50 BC → 476","50 a. C. → 476",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Pont du Gard.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pont%20du%20Gard.JPG","/assets/p3-zero-rome-fall-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17},"p3ch4","Gaul in the Christian Empire",{"id":19,"title":20,"chapterId":16,"html":21,"hasEn":22,"isFallback":23,"seoDescription":24},"p3ch4z4","From Forum to Castrum: The Birth of Fortified Towns","\u003Cp>In the 4th century, the Gallo-Roman city changed radically. Constant insecurity turned open towns into closed fortresses.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏗️ Urban contraction\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Large cities of 100 hectares could no longer be defended.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Withdrawal\u003C/strong>: inhabitants abandoned outlying districts to regroup inside an area ten times smaller (often under 10 hectares).\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The castrum\u003C/strong>: a thick enclosure was built — the \u003Cem>castrum\u003C/em>. In Bordeaux, Périgueux, or Amiens, you can still trace these ancient walls beneath medieval streets.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧱 Recycling monuments\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>To build quickly, people no longer went to quarries.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Spolia\u003C/strong>: theatres, temples, and arenas outside the walls were dismantled. Foundations of 4th-century ramparts often contain broken statues and columns.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Symbol\u003C/strong>: it is the material end of the classical world — stone once used for pleasure (theatre) now served survival (walls).\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Senlis_%2860%29%2C_muraille_gallo-romaine%2C_tour_n%C2%B0_24_ou_%C2%AB_tour_V%C3%A8nerie_nord.jpg/256px-Senlis_%2860%29%2C_muraille_gallo-romaine%2C_tour_n%C2%B0_24_ou_%C2%AB_tour_V%C3%A8nerie_nord.jpg?20110920120604\" alt=\"Walls of Senlis\">\n\u003Cem>The Gallo-Roman walls of Senlis, evidence of urban fortification.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🛡️ The ancestor of the castle\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>These fortified towns became the basis of medieval defensive systems.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Towers and gates\u003C/strong>: military architecture evolved with projecting towers to watch over the walls.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Power\u003C/strong>: whoever controlled the rampart (often the bishop or a military leader) held real power over the population.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Contraction\u003C/strong>: cities became small and dense.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Recycling\u003C/strong>: Roman monuments were reused to build ramparts.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Castrum\u003C/strong>: the model of the walled medieval town was born.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📸 Image credits\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Walls of Senlis — P.poschadel, \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/fr/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 2.0 FR\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"In the 4th century, the Gallo-Roman city changed radically. Constant insecurity turned open towns into closed fortresses. In-depth look at From Forum to",1778543094464]