[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":24},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p4ch10z1:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":14,"zoom":17},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)",{"id":18,"title":19,"chapterId":15,"html":20,"hasEn":21,"isFallback":22,"seoDescription":23},"p4ch10z1","Poitiers 732: One Battle, One Symbol","\u003Cp>The battle known as \u003Cstrong>Poitiers\u003C/strong> (sometimes \u003Cstrong>Tours\u003C/strong>) in 732 is one of the most famous episodes of the Early Middle Ages. It pits \u003Cstrong>Charles Martel’s\u003C/strong> forces against an expedition led by the wali of al‑Andalus, \u003Cstrong>ʿAbd al‑Rahman al‑Ghafiqi\u003C/strong>. It strengthens Charles’s position and later becomes a symbol reused across centuries.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ A context of shifting frontiers\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the early 8th century, the conquest of \u003Cstrong>al‑Andalus\u003C/strong> (from 711) reshapes the political map of the West. North of the Pyrenees, Umayyad presence takes root in \u003Cstrong>Narbonese Gaul\u003C/strong> (Septimania) and creates a frontier made of incursions, sieges, and local alliances.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Duke \u003Cstrong>Eudes (Odo) of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> plays a central role: he defeats an Umayyad army at \u003Cstrong>Toulouse (721)\u003C/strong>. Later tradition also reports attempts at local agreements (such as the episode of \u003Cstrong>Munuza\u003C/strong>), showing survival politics in an unstable space.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In 732, a major expedition moves north and meets Charles’s forces and their allies somewhere \u003Cstrong>between Tours and Poitiers\u003C/strong>, on a site whose exact location is still debated.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 The event and its memory\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The battle, traditionally dated to \u003Cstrong>October 732\u003C/strong>, ends with the withdrawal of the Andalusi expedition and the death of \u003Cstrong>ʿAbd al‑Rahman\u003C/strong> during the fighting. For Charles, it is a political success: he appears as a military leader able to rally beyond Austrasia.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But one must distinguish:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>the military event, important for regional balance\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the later narrative, which sometimes turns it into a “battle that saves Europe”, even though the southern frontier remains active after 732\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This gap explains why Poitiers is both a real battle and a political symbol reused over time.\u003C/p>\n",true,false,"The battle known as Poitiers (sometimes Tours ) in 732 is one of the most famous episodes of the Early Middle Ages. It pits Charles Martel’s forces against an",1778543117398]