[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":24},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p4ch10z4:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":14,"zoom":17},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16},"p4ch10","Charles Martel: Ruling Without a Crown (714–741)",{"id":18,"title":19,"chapterId":15,"html":20,"hasEn":21,"isFallback":22,"seoDescription":23},"p4ch10z4","711–732: al‑Andalus, Narbonne, and Raids North of the Pyrenees","\u003Cp>In the early 8th century, Gaul is not isolated: it borders a rapidly expanding political space born from the conquest of Iberia. To understand 732, Charles Martel must be placed within this wider context.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧭 From Iberia to Septimania\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>711\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Arab and Berber\u003C/strong> forces from North Africa establish themselves in Iberia and create the space of \u003Cstrong>al‑Andalus\u003C/strong>. Once conquest advances, expeditions cross the Pyrenees. North of the mountains, the most durably affected zone is \u003Cstrong>Narbonese Gaul\u003C/strong> (Septimania), where \u003Cstrong>Narbonne\u003C/strong> falls under Umayyad control around \u003Cstrong>719–720\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This implantation is not only military: it opens routes, footholds, and economic circuits between the Mediterranean and western Europe.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ A frontier of raids and alliances\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Conflicts north of the Pyrenees are not reduced to a single battle. They alternate:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>incursions and plundering expeditions\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>sieges and seizures of strategic points\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>local alliances and rivalries between regional powers\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>721\u003C/strong>, for example, an Andalusi army is defeated at \u003Cstrong>Toulouse\u003C/strong> by Duke \u003Cstrong>Eudes (Odo) of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, showing that resistance does not depend only on the Franks.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the mid‑720s, some sources also mention raids further north. Details vary by tradition and must be read cautiously, but the general idea is clear: the frontier is not fixed — it moves with campaigns.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👤 ʿAbd al‑Rahman al‑Ghafiqi and the campaign of 732\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the early 730s, the wali of al‑Andalus \u003Cstrong>ʿAbd al‑Rahman al‑Ghafiqi\u003C/strong> leads a major expedition north. It meets Frankish forces (and allies) in the \u003Cstrong>Tours–Poitiers\u003C/strong> zone.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The battle of \u003Cstrong>732\u003C/strong> strengthens Charles Martel’s authority. But it also becomes an object of memory: later narratives sometimes magnify its “decisive” character, as if it were an absolute rupture, while the frontier remains contested.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Some Arabic traditions associate the battle with \u003Cstrong>Balāṭ al‑Shuhadāʾ\u003C/strong> (“the pavement of the martyrs”), a debated expression whose application varies by source.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Narbonne’s capture (719–720) creates a durable Umayyad presence in Septimania.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The frontier functions through campaigns, raids, and alliances, not a single clash.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>732 is a turning point for Charles, but its meaning is also built by later memory.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"In the early 8th century, Gaul is not isolated: it borders a rapidly expanding political space born from the conquest of Iberia. To understand 732, Charles",1778543117484]