[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":24},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p4ch12z7:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":14,"zoom":17},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)",{"id":18,"title":19,"chapterId":15,"html":20,"hasEn":21,"isFallback":22,"seoDescription":23},"p4ch12z7","Saxon Wars (772–804): Conquest, Conversion, Resistance","\u003Cp>Saxony, beyond the Rhine, is one of Charlemagne’s main fronts. This is not a single campaign, but a \u003Cstrong>long war\u003C/strong>, made of expeditions, temporary submissions, and revolts.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧭 Why Saxony matters\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Saxony is a major stake:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>security of the Frankish kingdom’s borders\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>control of routes and Elbe regions\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>confrontation between Christian power and local religious traditions\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🔥 A war of attrition\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charlemagne leads a first major expedition in \u003Cstrong>772\u003C/strong> and strikes symbols of Saxon paganism. After the Italian interlude, war hardens from \u003Cstrong>776\u003C/strong>: resistance organises and campaigns become more systematic.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Saxon leader \u003Cstrong>Widukind\u003C/strong> embodies resistance; his submission and baptism in \u003Cstrong>785\u003C/strong> mark a turning point, without immediately erasing tensions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>📜 Conquest and supervision\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Frankish victory is not limited to battlefields: it passes through laws, conversions, and a reorganisation of elites. Definitive submission is usually placed around \u003Cstrong>804\u003C/strong>, when the eastern frontier is held more firmly.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The Saxon war is one of the longest conflicts of the reign.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Conquest and Christianisation are tightly linked.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The result is strategic: durably secure the eastern frontier.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"Saxony, beyond the Rhine, is one of Charlemagne’s main fronts. This is not a single campaign, but a long war , made of expeditions, temporary submissions, and",1778543119825]