[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":24},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p4ch12z8:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":14,"zoom":17},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16},"p4ch12","Charlemagne: Inherit, Conquer, Scale Up (768–814)",{"id":18,"title":19,"chapterId":15,"html":20,"hasEn":21,"isFallback":22,"seoDescription":23},"p4ch12z8","Spain (777–810): The 778 Expedition and the Spanish March","\u003Cp>Frankish intervention south of the Pyrenees is less a “crusade” than a frontier strategy. Charlemagne seeks to secure southern Aquitaine and influence the balances of the Iberian Peninsula.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🤝 777: promises and calculations\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>777\u003C/strong>, Charlemagne receives envoys from Muslim governors in rebellion against Cordoba. Cooperation is considered around \u003Cstrong>Zaragoza\u003C/strong>: this is alliance politics more than a clash of civilisations.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ 778: the expedition and Roncevaux\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>778\u003C/strong>, the expedition ends in failure: Zaragoza does not open as expected and the Franks retreat. Crossing the Pyrenees leads to the ambush of \u003Cstrong>Roncevaux\u003C/strong>, where the rearguard is struck by mountain fighters (often associated with the Vascones). The event is later amplified by epic memory around Roland.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧱 785–810: the Spanish March\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>After 778, expansion proceeds mainly through local leaders (counts and chiefs in Aquitaine). Gradually, several territories pass under Frankish influence and form the \u003Cstrong>Spanish March\u003C/strong>: a military and administrative buffer south of the Pyrenees.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Spain is a frontier front: alliances, raids, fortified positions.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>778 is a military setback that becomes a myth.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The Spanish March is a Carolingian solution to hold a limit.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"Frankish intervention south of the Pyrenees is less a “crusade” than a frontier strategy. Charlemagne seeks to secure southern Aquitaine and influence the",1778543119859]