[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":24},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p4ch19z2:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":14,"zoom":17},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"cover":9},"p4","Early Middle Ages","Alta Edad Media","476 → 987",{"fileName":10,"filePageUrl":11,"imageUrl":12,"sourceLabel":13},"François Louis Dejuinne 08265 baptême de CLovis.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois%20Louis%20Dejuinne%2008265%20bapt%C3%AAme%20de%20CLovis.JPG","/assets/p4-haut-moyen-age-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":15,"title":16},"p4ch19","Charles the Simple: Norman Compromise, Imperial Ambitions, and Fall (898–929)",{"id":18,"title":19,"chapterId":15,"html":20,"hasEn":21,"isFallback":22,"seoDescription":23},"p4ch19z2","911: Lotharingia Under Charles the Simple","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>911\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Lotharingia\u003C/strong> shifts toward Charles the Simple. This territory, inherited from Carolingian partitions, is a border space: between West and East, between rival aristocratic networks, and between powerful bishoprics.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🗳️ After Louis the Child: a political choice\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>When \u003Cstrong>Louis the Child\u003C/strong> dies (21 November 911), Lotharingian elites refuse the new eastern power and turn to Charles. Major figures such as \u003Cstrong>Reginar Longneck\u003C/strong> and the count palatine \u003Cstrong>Wigeric\u003C/strong> drive this decision: Lotharingia offers itself to the Carolingian, who accepts this form of election and reorients part of his reign eastward.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏛️ A political gain… and a source of tensions\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>For Charles, this is a prestige boost: West Francia regains depth in the East. But governing Lotharingia requires:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>negotiating with local elites;\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>distributing honores and offices;\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>constant arbitration among great men.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Each decision can create discontent elsewhere in the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏷️ “Rex Francorum”: a title that matters\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>911–912\u003C/strong>, Charles revives the title \u003Cstrong>rex Francorum\u003C/strong>. The stake goes beyond formula: western kingship claims continuity with the “kingdom of the Franks”, tied to symbolic places (Reims, Paris). This claim persists later, including among the Robertians, while it becomes more sporadic in the East.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧑‍⚖️ A Lotharingian government… that angers the West\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Charles relies on Lotharingian networks, notably linked to \u003Cstrong>Frederuna\u003C/strong>, and grants \u003Cstrong>honores\u003C/strong> to relatives and loyal men to counterbalance West Frankish princes, including his cousin \u003Cstrong>Haganon\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>914\u003C/strong>, the chancellery is dominated by Lotharingians: \u003Cstrong>Gauzlin of Toul\u003C/strong> (914–919), then Haganon. This orientation fuels resistance, especially when heirs of early dignitaries try to build their own principalities.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ Giselbert and the impossible balance\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>A prince like \u003Cstrong>Giselbert\u003C/strong> acts confidently, supported by his friendship with the Saxon king \u003Cstrong>Henry the Fowler\u003C/strong>. Lotharingia strengthens Charles’s prestige but weakens his coalition: the East becomes a political energy centre… feeding crisis in the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🤝 920–921: from Pfeddersheim to the Treaty of Bonn\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Trying to hold Lotharingia, Charles clashes with the rulers of Germania. Defeated at \u003Cstrong>Pfeddersheim (920)\u003C/strong> by \u003Cstrong>Henry the Fowler\u003C/strong>, he then must stabilise relations. On \u003Cstrong>7 November 921\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Bonn\u003C/strong> establishes mutual recognition: a diplomatic compromise provisionally fixing balance between West and East.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧩 A lesson in “negotiated” kingship\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The episode illustrates a typical early‑10th‑century phenomenon: the king may extend his sphere, but real authority depends on the ability to hold a coalition, region by region.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>911: Lotharingia strengthens the king’s reach.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The gain also increases governing complexity.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Authority plays out in alliances more than in borders.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"In 911 , Lotharingia shifts toward Charles the Simple. This territory, inherited from Carolingian partitions, is a border space: between West and East, between",1778543122785]