[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":32},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p7ch1z3:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":22,"zoom":25},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"covers":9},"p7","Renaissance","Renacimiento","1461 → 1610",[10,13,16,19],{"filename":11,"url":12},"British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":14,"url":15},"Marignan-1515-francois1er.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marignan-1515-francois1er.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":17,"url":18},"ChateauDeChambord.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ChateauDeChambord.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":20,"url":21},"Henri_IV_Toschi_(format_original).jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Henri_IV_Toschi_(format_original).jpg?width=1600",{"id":23,"title":24},"p7ch1","Louis XI: the spider and the construction of the modern state (1461-1483)",{"id":26,"title":27,"chapterId":23,"html":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"seoDescription":31},"p7ch1z3","1475: the Treaty of Picquigny and the neutralisation of England","\u003Cp>The Treaty of Picquigny (29 August 1475) marked a turning point in Franco-English relations. Through this treaty, Louis XI managed to definitively neutralise the English threat on the continent, putting an end to English claims to the French crown.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🌍 Context: the resurgent English threat\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>The situation in England\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Edward IV\u003C/strong> had restored peace in England after the Wars of the Roses\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He sought to restore the prestige of the English monarchy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He claimed the crown of France, as his predecessors had\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>The Anglo-Burgundian alliance\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, allied himself with Edward IV\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The goal: a coordinated invasion of France\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Threat of a renewed Hundred Years’ War\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ The English invasion of 1475\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>The landing\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>July 1475: Edward IV landed at Calais with 15,000 men\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He was joined by Charles the Bold and his army\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Objective: march on Paris and overthrow Louis XI\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>Louis XI’s response\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI avoided direct confrontation\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He adopted a strategy of elastic defence\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He opened parallel negotiations\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏰 The Treaty of Picquigny (29 August 1475)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>The negotiations\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Secret negotiations between Louis XI and Edward IV\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Meeting on a bridge specially built over the Somme\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Exchange of gifts and promises\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>The terms of the treaty\u003C/h3>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Seven-year truce\u003C/strong> between France and England\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Annual pension\u003C/strong> of 50,000 gold écus paid by Louis XI to Edward IV\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Planned \u003Cstrong>marriage\u003C/strong> between the dauphin Charles (future Charles VIII) and Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Free trade\u003C/strong> between the two kingdoms\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Exchange of prisoners\u003C/strong> and end of hostilities\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>💰 Louis XI’s “bribe”\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The treaty is often described as a “bribe” or a “ransom”:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI paid \u003Cstrong>425,000 écus\u003C/strong> immediately to Edward IV\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Plus an \u003Cstrong>annual pension\u003C/strong> of 50,000 gold écus\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI bought peace rather than risk war\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>But it was less costly than a prolonged war\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Edward IV, satisfied with this steady income, renounced his claims to the French crown.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏆 Consequences of the treaty\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>For France\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Definitive neutralisation of the English threat\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>End of English claims to the French crown\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Ability to focus on internal threats (Burgundy)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Savings in military and financial resources\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>For England\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Regular income for the crown\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Stabilisation of the domestic situation\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>But loss of military prestige\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>For Europe\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Shift in geopolitical balances\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Weakening of the Anglo-Burgundian alliance\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Strengthening of France’s position in Europe\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>29 August 1475\u003C/strong>: signing of the Treaty of Picquigny\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI paid 50,000 gold écus per year to Edward IV\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>End of English claims to the French crown\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Strategy of “bought peace” rather than costly war\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Definitive neutralisation of the English threat on the continent\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>French forces freed up to confront Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"The Treaty of Picquigny (29 August 1475) marked a turning point in Franco-English relations. Through this treaty, Louis XI managed to definitively neutralise",1783898186581]