[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":32},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p7ch1z4:en":3},{"period":4,"chapter":22,"zoom":25},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":6,"titleEs":7,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"covers":9},"p7","Renaissance","Renacimiento","1461 → 1610",[10,13,16,19],{"filename":11,"url":12},"British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":14,"url":15},"Marignan-1515-francois1er.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marignan-1515-francois1er.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":17,"url":18},"ChateauDeChambord.jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ChateauDeChambord.jpg?width=1600",{"filename":20,"url":21},"Henri_IV_Toschi_(format_original).jpg","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Henri_IV_Toschi_(format_original).jpg?width=1600",{"id":23,"title":24},"p7ch1","Louis XI: the spider and the construction of the modern state (1461-1483)",{"id":26,"title":27,"chapterId":23,"html":28,"hasEn":29,"isFallback":30,"seoDescription":31},"p7ch1z4","1477: death of Charles the Bold and annexation of Burgundy","\u003Cp>The death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477) marked a major turning point in the history of France. Louis XI seized this opportunity to annex a large part of the Burgundian possessions, dealing a fatal blow to the feudal system.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ Charles the Bold: the last great feudal lord\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>A formidable adversary\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Charles the Bold\u003C/strong> (1433-1477), Duke of Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Son of Philip the Good, with whom Louis XI had found refuge\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Ambition to create a kingdom between France and the Empire\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI’s principal adversary since the beginning of his reign\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>The Burgundian possessions\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Duchy of Burgundy\u003C/strong> (Dijon)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>County of Burgundy\u003C/strong> (Franche-Comté)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Burgundian Netherlands\u003C/strong> (Flanders, Brabant, Holland, etc.)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Picardy\u003C/strong> (acquired under the Treaty of Conflans)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚔️ The Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>Context\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Charles the Bold laid siege to Nancy, capital of Lorraine\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He faced a coalition led by René II of Lorraine\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI secretly supported Charles’s enemies\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>The course of the battle\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>5 January 1477\u003C/strong>: decisive battle near Nancy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The Burgundian army, weakened and outnumbered, was crushed\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Charles the Bold died in the fighting\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>His body, mutilated and frozen, was not identified until two days later\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>👑 The Burgundian succession\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>The heiress: Mary of Burgundy\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Only daughter of Charles the Bold, aged 20\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Inherited all the Burgundian possessions\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Married \u003Cstrong>Maximilian of Habsburg\u003C/strong> (future Holy Roman Emperor)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>Louis XI’s claims\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI claimed the French fiefs of Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He invoked the right of reversion (return to the royal domain)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>He militarily occupied the disputed territories\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏰 The annexation of Burgundy\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>The military occupation\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Louis XI immediately sent his troops into Burgundy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Capture of Dijon, capital of the duchy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Occupation of Picardy and other territories\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>The Treaty of Arras (1482)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Negotiations with Maximilian of Habsburg\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mary of Burgundy\u003C/strong> died accidentally in 1482\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Treaty of Arras\u003C/strong> (23 December 1482):\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>France obtained the \u003Cstrong>Duchy of Burgundy\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>France obtained \u003Cstrong>Picardy\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Artois\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Franche-Comté\u003C/strong> and the \u003Cstrong>Netherlands\u003C/strong> went to the Habsburgs\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Margaret of Austria\u003C/strong>, Mary’s daughter, was betrothed to the dauphin Charles\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🏆 Consequences of the annexation\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>For France\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Considerable expansion of the royal domain\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Definitive weakening of the feudal system\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Strengthening of royal authority\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Control of strategic regions\u003C/strong> (Burgundy, Picardy)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>For Europe\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Rise of Habsburg power\u003C/strong> (heirs to the Netherlands)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Creation of a Franco-Habsburg rivalry\u003C/strong> that would last for centuries\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Shift in geopolitical balances\u003C/strong> in western Europe\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch3>For Louis XI\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Political triumph\u003C/strong> after years of struggle\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Achievement of his objective\u003C/strong>: weakening the great feudal lords\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Consolidation of the French monarchical state\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key takeaways\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>5 January 1477\u003C/strong>: death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>1477-1482\u003C/strong>: military occupation of Burgundy by Louis XI\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>23 December 1482\u003C/strong>: Treaty of Arras\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>France annexed the Duchy of Burgundy, Picardy and Artois\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The Netherlands and Franche-Comté went to the Habsburgs\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Definitive weakening of the feudal system in France\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Considerable strengthening of royal authority\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"The death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477) marked a major turning point in the history of France. Louis XI seized this opportunity",1783898186615]