[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":178},["ShallowReactive",2],{"chapter:p5ch6:es":3,"chapters:p5:es":48},{"period":4,"chapter":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":7,"titleEs":6,"coverArtworkId":8,"range":9,"rangeEn":9,"rangeEs":9,"cover":10},"p5","Plena Edad Media","High Middle Ages","hannibal-alpes","987 → 1453",{"fileName":11,"filePageUrl":12,"imageUrl":13,"sourceLabel":14},"Facade-notre-dame-paris-ciel-bleu.JPG","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Facade-notre-dame-paris-ciel-bleu.JPG","/assets/p5-moyen-age-classique-cover.png","Wikimedia Commons",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"html":18,"zooms":19,"thumbnailArtworkId":41,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":45,"realm":44,"seoDescription":46,"thumbnailUrl":47},"p5ch6","Louis VII: Crusade, Lost Aquitaine, and the Plantagenet Challenge (1137–1180)","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1137\u003C/strong>, Louis VII succeeded Louis VI. He inherited a Capetian domain better structured than at the beginning of the twelfth century, yet a kingdom where great princes (Champagne, Blois, Normandy) retained considerable autonomy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The beginning of his reign was marked by a major event: his marriage to \u003Cstrong>Eleanor of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, heiress to a vast territorial ensemble in the southwest of the kingdom. This union temporarily placed the king at the head of one of the largest princely dominions in the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, this initial advantage gradually became a fragility, and the reign unfolded around three major phases:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>1137–1146\u003C/strong>: royal affirmation and the apex of influence through Aquitaine;\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>1147–1152\u003C/strong>: crusade, failure, and marital crisis;\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>1152–1180\u003C/strong>: diplomatic struggle against the Plantagenet Empire.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z4\">Zoom – 1152: Marriage annulment and the “Plantagenet shock”\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>I. ⚖️ 1138–1146 — Arbitrating the Kingdom and Governing Through the Church\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The beginning of Louis VII’s reign was marked by strong religious influence and an exercise of power frequently mediated by the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Between \u003Cstrong>1138\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>1140\u003C/strong>, the king faced his first tensions with great princes, particularly in Champagne and Blois, while consolidating his authority in the \u003Cstrong>Île-de-France\u003C/strong>. He established himself as an arbiter of feudal conflicts, a role that progressively reinforced the centrality of the monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, the international context remained unstable. In England, rivalry between \u003Cstrong>Stephen of Blois\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Empress Matilda\u003C/strong> provoked prolonged civil war. The confrontations of \u003Cstrong>1141\u003C/strong> (Battle of Lincoln, Winchester crisis) illustrated this instability, which temporarily weakened Anglo-Norman power, the Capetians’ principal adversary.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On the religious and intellectual plane, the reign was marked by doctrinal tensions. In \u003Cstrong>1140\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Council of Sens\u003C/strong>, under the influence of \u003Cstrong>Bernard of Clairvaux\u003C/strong>, condemned the theses of \u003Cstrong>Peter Abelard\u003C/strong>, illustrating the Church’s determination to control intellectual development.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In parallel, the monarchy participated in a religious and artistic renewal. In \u003Cstrong>1140\u003C/strong>, the transformation of the basilica of \u003Cstrong>Saint-Denis\u003C/strong>, under the impetus of \u003Cstrong>Suger\u003C/strong>, marked a major architectural turning point with the first elements of the Gothic style. This enterprise reinforced the symbolic prestige of the monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1141\u003C/strong>, Louis VII intervened in the conflict surrounding the archbishopric of \u003Cstrong>Bourges\u003C/strong>, indirectly opposing Pope \u003Cstrong>Innocent II\u003C/strong>, revealing tensions between royal power and papal authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The breaking point came in \u003Cstrong>1142\u003C/strong>, during war against \u003Cstrong>Thibaut IV of Champagne\u003C/strong>. The fire that consumed the church of \u003Cstrong>Vitry-en-Perthois\u003C/strong>, where many inhabitants perished, constituted a major moral shock. The event profoundly affected the king’s image and left a lasting mark on his reign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z1\">Zoom – 1142: Vitry, moral scandal and the Champagne war\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Incendie_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_de_vitry_%281142%29.png\" alt=\"Fire of the church of Vitry\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Fire of the church of Vitry: anonym 1396, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>1143\u003C/strong> onward, under papal pressure, the king gradually reconciled with the Church and evacuated Champagne. This evolution prepared a change in the reign’s direction, marked by a desire for penance and religious commitment.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Emil_Pierre_Joseph_de_Cauwer_Saint-Denis.jpg\" alt=\"Interior of the Basilica of Saint-Denis\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Interior of the Basilica of Saint-Denis: Emile Pierre Joseph De Cauwer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1144\u003C/strong>, the consecration of the renovated basilica of \u003Cstrong>Saint-Denis\u003C/strong> confirmed the central role of the monarchy in the religious and artistic renewal of the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z2\">Zoom – 1144: Saint-Denis, Suger and the Capetian monarchy\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>II. ✝️ 1145–1149 — The Second Crusade: Religious Ambition and Political Failure\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade-it.svg\" alt=\"Routes of the Second Crusade\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Routes of the Second Crusade: Guilhem06~commonswikiDerivative work: Arrow303, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The turning point of the reign came in the middle of the 1140s, in a context of religious and moral tension.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1145\u003C/strong>, under the influence of \u003Cstrong>Bernard of Clairvaux\u003C/strong>, the king took up the struggle against heresy in the South (also called the Midi). On December 25, at the assembly of \u003Cstrong>Bourges\u003C/strong>, Louis VII officially announced his intention to depart on crusade. This decision was part of both a broader European religious dynamic and a personal gesture of penance following the events of Vitry.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1146\u003C/strong>, Pope \u003Cstrong>Eugene III\u003C/strong> renewed the crusade appeal. On March 31, at \u003Cstrong>Vézelay\u003C/strong>, Bernard of Clairvaux preached before the king, the court, and an enormous crowd. Louis VII took the cross publicly and decided to bring with him his wife, \u003Cstrong>Eleanor of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Saint-Bernard_pr%C3%AAchant_la_2e_croisade%2C_%C3%A0_V%C3%A9zelay%2C_en_1146.jpg\" alt=\"Saint Bernard preaching the 2nd Crusade at Vézelay\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Saint Bernard preaching the 2nd Crusade at Vézelay: Émile Signol, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The mobilization rapidly exceeded the French framework. Bernard traveled through the kingdom and then the Empire, notably obtaining the commitment of Emperor \u003Cstrong>Conrad III\u003C/strong> by year’s end.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1147 — Departure and the March to the East\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>June 1147\u003C/strong>, Louis VII took the road with a large army, accompanied by numerous pilgrims. The expedition’s financing rested partly on contributions exacted from vassals.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The king traversed Central Europe:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>crossing the Rhine at \u003Cstrong>Worms\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>traversing Hungary\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>arrival at \u003Cstrong>Constantinople\u003C/strong> in October\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Arriv%C3%A9e_des_crois%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_Constantinople.jpg\" alt=\"Arrival of the Crusaders at Constantinople\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Arrival of the Crusaders at Constantinople: Jean Fouquet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>There he met the Byzantine Emperor \u003Cstrong>Manuel I Komnenos\u003C/strong>, in a climate of mutual mistrust.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, other crusading expeditions were underway:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>in Northern Europe (crusade against the Wends)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in the Iberian Peninsula (taking of Almería and Lisbon)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These operations showed that the crusade assumed a broader dimension than the East alone.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1148 — Military Failure and the Crisis of the Royal Couple\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The Anatolian expedition proved disastrous.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In early \u003Cstrong>1148\u003C/strong>, the French army suffered several reversals against Turkish forces:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>ambushes in the Maeander valley\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>heavy losses during the crossing of the Anatolian mountains (Mount Cadmos)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Weakened, the army reached the coast with difficulty and then \u003Cstrong>Antioch\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG\" alt=\"Raymond of Poitiers receives Louis VII in Antioch\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Raymond of Poitiers receives Louis VII in Antioch: Jean Colombe and Sebastien Marmerot., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>There occurred a major political and personal crisis. Eleanor drew close to her uncle \u003Cstrong>Raymond of Poitiers\u003C/strong>, who favored a campaign against Aleppo. Louis VII refused this strategy and imposed the continuation of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The conflict between the spouses worsened: Eleanor invoked consanguinity to request the annulment of the marriage.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>June 1148\u003C/strong>, the crusaders convened at the \u003Cstrong>Council of Acre\u003C/strong> and decided to attack \u003Cstrong>Damascus\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg\" alt=\"Siege of Damascus\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Siege of Damascus: Jean Colombe, in Passages d’outremer by Sébastien Mamerot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The expedition rapidly turned to disaster:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>poorly coordinated siege\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>divisions between crusaders and local barons\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>arrival of Muslim reinforcements\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The siege was abandoned after a few days (\u003Cstrong>July 1148\u003C/strong>).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This failure marked a major turning point: the crusade resulted in \u003Cstrong>complete military and political failure\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1149 — Return and Consequences\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1149\u003C/strong>, Louis VII left the Holy Land.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After celebrating Easter in Jerusalem, he embarked for Europe and landed in \u003Cstrong>Southern Italy\u003C/strong>, where he met King \u003Cstrong>Roger II of Sicily\u003C/strong>. Upon his return, he passed through Rome where the pope attempted to reconcile the royal couple.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, the consequences were profound:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>the king’s prestige was weakened\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>relations with \u003Cstrong>Byzantium\u003C/strong> deteriorated severely\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>tensions with \u003Cstrong>Eleanor of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> became irreversible\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The crusade’s failure and the marital crisis opened a new phase of the reign, marked by a major recomposition of political balances in the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z3\">Zoom – 1147–1149: Second Crusade, Anatolia and Damascus\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>III. 🌍 1150–1160 — Dynastic Rupture and the Birth of the Plantagenet Empire\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Following the crusade’s failure, Louis VII’s reign entered a decisive phase marked by a profound recomposition of political balances in the West.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ 1150–1152: Tensions with the Plantagenets and Rupture with Eleanor\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>1150\u003C/strong> onward, Louis VII had to confront the rising power of young \u003Cstrong>Henry Plantagenet\u003C/strong>, heir to the Angevin domains. After an unsuccessful attempt before \u003Cstrong>Arques\u003C/strong>, the king finally accepted his homage for Normandy in exchange for territorial concessions in the Vexin.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The situation changed radically in \u003Cstrong>1152\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>March 21, 1152\u003C/strong>, the marriage between Louis VII and \u003Cstrong>Eleanor of Aquitaine\u003C/strong> was annulled at the \u003Cstrong>Council of Beaugency\u003C/strong>, officially on grounds of consanguinity. This separation ended the union between the Capetian monarchy and one of the kingdom’s vast territorial ensembles.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A few weeks later, on \u003Cstrong>May 18, 1152\u003C/strong>, Eleanor married \u003Cstrong>Henry Plantagenet\u003C/strong>, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Through this marriage, Aquitaine shifted to the Angevin sphere.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This moment constituted a major turning point: the King of France lost an essential region, while there emerged a territorial power without precedent.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 1153–1154: The Birth of a Rival Power\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1153\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Wallingford\u003C/strong> ended English civil war. King \u003Cstrong>Stephen of Blois\u003C/strong> recognized \u003Cstrong>Henry Plantagenet\u003C/strong> as his successor.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1154\u003C/strong>, Henry became King of England as \u003Cstrong>Henry II\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Henry_II%2C_Plantagenet_Empire.png\" alt=\"Plantagenet Empire under Henry II\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Plantagenet Empire under Henry II: Cartedaos (talk) 01:46, 14 September 2008 (UTC), CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\u003C/a>, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He then controlled an exceptional territorial ensemble:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>England\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Normandy\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Anjou\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Maine\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Touraine\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Aquitaine (through Eleanor)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This ensemble, which historiography calls the \u003Cstrong>“Plantagenet Empire,”\u003C/strong> extended from the Pyrenees to Scotland.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Faced with this power, Louis VII found himself in a paradoxical position: he was the feudal suzerain of Henry II for his continental lands, yet in practice, his vassal was more powerful than he was.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ 1154–1156: Capetian Response and the Kingdom’s Framework\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Louis VII reacted through a policy of internal consolidation and diplomatic balance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/France_1154-fr.svg\" alt=\"Map of France in 1154\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Map of France in 1154: © Sémhur / Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1154\u003C/strong>, he married \u003Cstrong>Constance of Castile\u003C/strong>, seeking to strengthen his alliances. He also undertook a pilgrimage to \u003Cstrong>Santiago de Compostela\u003C/strong>, a gesture both religious and political.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1155\u003C/strong>, the king affirmed his authority through measures of peace:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Council of Soissons\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>proclamation of a \u003Cstrong>general peace of the kingdom\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>confirmation of the \u003Cstrong>customs of Lorris\u003C/strong>, model of an urban charter\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These actions aimed to stabilize the royal domain against Plantagenet power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1156\u003C/strong>, Henry II rendered homage to Louis VII for his French possessions. This gesture formally confirmed the feudal hierarchy, but in no way reduced the power gap between the two sovereigns.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1158–1160: Tensions and Unstable Equilibrium\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Relations between Louis VII and Henry II oscillated between confrontation and compromise.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1158\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Gisors\u003C/strong> organized a dynastic alliance: the daughter of Louis VII, \u003Cstrong>Margaret\u003C/strong>, was promised to \u003Cstrong>Henry the Young\u003C/strong>, son of Henry II. The Vexin was to constitute her dowry.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, rivalry remained.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1159\u003C/strong>, Henry II launched a campaign against \u003Cstrong>Toulouse\u003C/strong>, but encountered the intervention of Louis VII, who supported the local count. Refusing to attack his suzerain directly, Henry withdrew.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This episode showed the limits of Plantagenet power: the feudal framework continued to structure relations of force.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1160\u003C/strong>, Louis VII reinforced his alliances by marrying \u003Cstrong>Adèle of Champagne\u003C/strong>, following the death of Constance of Castile. This union brought the monarchy closer to the powerful counts of Champagne.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z4\">Zoom – 1152–1154: Eleanor, Henry II and the Birth of the Plantagenet Empire\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>IV. ⛪ 1162–1170 — Becket, the Church, and Rivalry with the Plantagenets\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From the 1160s onward, the rivalry between Louis VII and Henry II Plantagenet shifted partly to religious terrain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⛪ 1162–1164: The Becket Crisis\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1162\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Thomas Becket\u003C/strong> was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. A former chancellor of Henry II, he rapidly broke with the king in defending the independence of the Church.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1164\u003C/strong>, Henry II promulgated the \u003Cstrong>Constitutions of Clarendon\u003C/strong>, which aimed to submit the clergy to royal authority. Becket opposed them firmly and had to flee England.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>He found refuge in France, where \u003Cstrong>Louis VII granted him protection\u003C/strong>. The King of France thus indirectly supported religious opposition to his Plantagenet rival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, Pope \u003Cstrong>Alexander III\u003C/strong>, himself in conflict with the Empire, established himself in France (Sens, 1163–1165), reinforcing the kingdom’s role as a political and religious center.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏗️ 1163–1167: Religious Affirmation and the Kingdom’s Framework\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>These years were also marked by a strengthening of the kingdom’s religious role.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1163\u003C/strong>, construction began on \u003Cstrong>Notre-Dame de Paris\u003C/strong>, under the impetus of Bishop \u003Cstrong>Maurice de Sully\u003C/strong>, a symbol of the capital’s growth.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Etat_du_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame_et_de_l%27archev%C3%A9ch%C3%A9%2C_apr%C3%A8s_la_mort_de_Maurice_de_Sully_%28derni%C3%A8res_ann%C3%A9es_du_douzi%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20230908221658.jpg\" alt=\"Notre Dame de Paris under construction\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Notre Dame de Paris under construction: L’Archevêché / A. Estampe Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Several councils testified to the struggle against heresies:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Council of Tours (1163)\u003C/strong> against Catharism\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>development of repressive measures against dissenting movements\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Louis VII also intervened as an arbiter in local conflicts:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>1166\u003C/strong>, intervention in Burgundy at the request of the abbey of Cluny\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>maintenance of order against seigneurial abuses\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The king appeared as a \u003Cstrong>protector of the Church and guarantor of Christian order\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1166–1169: Plantagenet Expansion and Feudal Equilibrium\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, Henry II considerably strengthened his power:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>taking control of \u003Cstrong>Brittany\u003C/strong> (through his son Geoffrey’s marriage)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>interventions in \u003Cstrong>Ireland\u003C/strong> (from 1169)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>consolidation of his continental possessions\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1169\u003C/strong>, the \u003Cstrong>Peace of Montmirail\u003C/strong> temporarily organized relations between the two sovereigns. Henry II distributed his lands among his sons:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Henry the Young\u003C/strong> (Normandy, Anjou)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Richard\u003C/strong> (Aquitaine)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Richard was engaged to \u003Cstrong>Adèle of France\u003C/strong>, daughter of Louis VII.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This dynastic policy aimed to stabilize the Plantagenet Empire while maintaining a feudal link with the Capetian monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1170: Becket’s Assassination and Political Shock\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1170\u003C/strong>, the crisis reached its peak.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>After an attempt at reconciliation between Henry II and Becket (conference of Fréteval), tensions resumed. The coronation of Henry II’s son without Becket’s agreement provoked a new rupture.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>December 29, 1170\u003C/strong>, Thomas Becket was assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral by knights close to the King of England.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/The_martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket-Jean_Baptiste_%281748%29.jpg\" alt=\"Assassination of Thomas Becket\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>Thomas Becket is assassinated by order of the King of England: Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The event provoked an immense shock throughout Christendom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Henry II was gravely discredited, while Louis VII appeared as the defender of the Church. This affair reinforced the moral position of the King of France against his powerful rival.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>🔍 \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/es/zoom/p5ch6z6\">Zoom – 1164–1170: Thomas Becket, exile in France and Anglo-Norman crisis\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>V. ⚔️ 1171–1180 — Revolts, Equilibrium with the Plantagenets, and Dynastic Transition\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the 1170s, Louis VII’s reign entered its final phase, marked by an indirect but decisive struggle with Plantagenet power.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ 1171–1172: The Kingdom’s Framework and Arbitral Role\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In the early \u003Cstrong>1170s\u003C/strong>, Louis VII pursued an already well-established policy: to strengthen royal authority not through territorial conquest, but through the \u003Cstrong>framework of political and social forces of the kingdom\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1171\u003C/strong>, a meeting took place between the King of France and Emperor \u003Cstrong>Frederick I Barbarossa\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Toul\u003C/strong>. The two sovereigns agreed on the necessity of fighting bands of mercenaries — notably the \u003Cstrong>Brabançons\u003C/strong> (or “cotereaux”) — who ravaged the countryside and escaped all seigneurial control.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>At the same time, Louis VII continued to exercise his role as an \u003Cstrong>arbiter in local conflicts\u003C/strong>. At the appeal of the abbot of \u003Cstrong>Cluny\u003C/strong>, he intervened in \u003Cstrong>Burgundy\u003C/strong> against the count of Mâcon, accused of exactions against ecclesiastical property. The king imposed peace and recalled the superior authority of the crown in disputes between princes and religious institutions. This type of intervention illustrated the king’s growing function as a \u003Cstrong>guarantor of justice and protector of the Church\u003C/strong>, beyond his direct domain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In parallel, Louis VII reinforced the economic regulation of the kingdom. He confirmed the privileges of the \u003Cstrong>hanse of Parisian water merchants\u003C/strong>, which held the monopoly of commerce between the bridges of Paris and that of \u003Cstrong>Mantes\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This corporation, equipped with representatives (provost and échevins), constituted a structured economic actor, capable of regulating exchanges and defending its interests. In recognizing and protecting its privileges, the king favored the stability of commercial circuits and contributed to the capital’s growth.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The king no longer limited himself to a military or feudal role, but affirmed himself as an \u003Cstrong>organizer of the political, economic and social order of the kingdom\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This capacity for arbitration and regulation constituted one of the foundations of Capetian authority at the end of the twelfth century.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚔️ 1173–1174: The Great Revolt Against Henry II\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1173\u003C/strong>, a major crisis erupted within the Plantagenet Empire, revealing the deep tensions crossing this exceptional political construction. The King of England \u003Cstrong>Henry II\u003C/strong> had to face a revolt led by his own sons — \u003Cstrong>Henry the Young\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Richard\u003C/strong> (future Lion-Heart) and \u003Cstrong>Geoffrey\u003C/strong> — supported by their mother \u003Cstrong>Eleanor of Aquitaine\u003C/strong>, in rupture with her husband.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This dynastic conflict rapidly transformed into a European war. The rebel princes sought external support, and \u003Cstrong>Louis VII\u003C/strong> seized the opportunity to weaken his powerful rival. As feudal suzerain of part of the Plantagenet lands, he received \u003Cstrong>Henry the Young\u003C/strong> at his court, legitimized his rebellion, and committed himself to his side.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The revolt then expanded on a large scale:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>Normandy\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>England\u003C/strong>, where several barons rose against Henry II\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>Flanders\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>Boulogne\u003C/strong>, whose counts actively supported the insurgents\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>Scotland\u003C/strong>, where King \u003Cstrong>William the Lion\u003C/strong> invaded northern England\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in western France, notably in Aquitaine, where the Plantagenet king’s authority was contested\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>In this context, Louis VII intervened directly in the field. He conducted campaigns in \u003Cstrong>Normandy\u003C/strong> and besieged the strategic stronghold of \u003Cstrong>Verneuil\u003C/strong> in \u003Cstrong>1173\u003C/strong>, attempting to deliver a decisive blow to the Anglo-Norman system. However, despite some initial successes, coordination between the various allies remained fragile.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The situation rapidly shifted in Henry II’s favor:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>August 1173\u003C/strong>, Louis VII was defeated before \u003Cstrong>Verneuil\u003C/strong>, after having burnt the town\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the Flemish and their allies were gradually pushed back\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>in \u003Cstrong>1174\u003C/strong>, Henry II regained the initiative on all fronts\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>the King of Scotland \u003Cstrong>William the Lion\u003C/strong> was captured at \u003Cstrong>Alnwick\u003C/strong>, depriving the rebels of major support\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Eleanor of Aquitaine herself was arrested while attempting to rejoin her sons\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Frank_Gillett_-_William_the_Lion_brought_before_Henry_II_after_the_battle_of_Alnwick%2C_1174.jpg\" alt=\"William the Lion captured\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>William the Lion captured: Creator:Edward Frank Gillett, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Faced with this series of reversals, the coalition disintegrated. The conflict ended with the \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Montlouis (1174)\u003C/strong>, which marked the formal reconciliation between Henry II and his sons, as well as with the King of France.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Despite the exceptional scale of this revolt, \u003Cstrong>Henry II emerged strengthened\u003C/strong>. He reaffirmed his authority over all his possessions and consolidated the Plantagenet Empire’s cohesion.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For Louis VII, the failure was significant but not decisive: he had not succeeded in breaking Anglo-Norman power, but he had demonstrated his capacity to intervene in great European conflicts and to exploit the divisions of his adversaries.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚖️ 1174–1179: Political Stabilization and Religious Framework of the Kingdom\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>Treaty of Montlouis (1174)\u003C/strong> reestablished a form of political coexistence: Louis VII retained his status as \u003Cstrong>feudal suzerain\u003C/strong>, while Henry II reaffirmed his authority over all his possessions after having repressed his sons’ rebellion.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The King of France, now aged, reduced his direct military engagement and privileged a policy of \u003Cstrong>kingdom framework\u003C/strong>, founded on arbitration, religious legitimacy, and the reinforcement of structures.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🛡️ A Fragile but Durable Political Equilibrium\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In the years that followed, relations between Capetians and Plantagenets remained tense but stabilized. Louis VII continued to exploit internal rivalries within the Plantagenet Empire, without seeking direct confrontation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Royal authority now expressed itself more through:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>confirmation of rights and privileges (cities, corporations, institutions)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>occasional intervention in regional conflicts\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>maintenance of the feudal link with great princes\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>This mode of governance, less spectacular than military campaigns, nevertheless contributed to \u003Cstrong>durable structuring of the Capetian political space\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⛪ Reinforced Religious Framework\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In parallel, the period was marked by a deepening of religious reform at the scale of Western Christendom.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The culmination was the \u003Cstrong>Third Lateran Council (1179)\u003C/strong>, convoked by Pope \u003Cstrong>Alexander III\u003C/strong>, in which many representatives of the kingdom participated.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This council adopted a series of major measures:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>reinforcement of ecclesiastical discipline\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>regulation of episcopal elections\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>condemnation of clergy abuses (simony, accumulation of offices)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>obligation to ensure teaching for clergy and poor schoolboys\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>It also aimed to restore moral and social order:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>condemnation of \u003Cstrong>heresies\u003C/strong>, particularly Cathar movements expanding in the Midi\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>condemnation of \u003Cstrong>mercenaries\u003C/strong> (routiers), accused of destabilizing the countryside\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>regulation of \u003Cstrong>tolls\u003C/strong> and abusive seigneurial practices\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>These decisions inscribed themselves in the continuity of the Gregorian reform and participated in a broader will to \u003Cstrong>moralize Christian society\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 1179–1180: Transmission of Power and Capetian Continuity\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>At the end of his reign, \u003Cstrong>Louis VII\u003C/strong> devoted the essential part of his action to preparing the succession and ensuring dynastic stability. Physically weakened — sources notably mention progressive paralysis — the king could no longer fully exercise power. This situation made an anticipated transmission of authority necessary.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>👑 1179: The Anticipated Coronation of Philip\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>November 1, 1179\u003C/strong>, the day of All Saints, young \u003Cstrong>Philip\u003C/strong> was crowned king at \u003Cstrong>Reims\u003C/strong>, the traditional center of Capetian coronation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/The_coronation_of_Philippe_II_Auguste_in_the_presence_of_Henry_II_of_England.jpg\" alt=\"The coronation of King Philip II in the presence of Henry II of England\" class=\"kb-img-contain\">\n\u003Cem>The coronation of King Philip II in the presence of Henry II of England: Master of the City of Ladies, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The anticipated coronation was not a simple formality: it made Philip a full king, even if Louis VII officially remained in power until his death.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In fact, an \u003Cstrong>implicit coregency\u003C/strong> was established. Philip began to exercise political responsibilities, while the royal entourage — notably great lords and counselors — adapted to this gradual transfer of authority.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🤝 1180: Alliances and Political Consolidation\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In this phase of transition, the monarchy also pursued its alliance policy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>April 28, 1180\u003C/strong>, Philip married \u003Cstrong>Isabella of Hainaut\u003C/strong>, daughter of Count \u003Cstrong>Baldwin V of Hainaut\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Isabella’s dowry — comprising notably territories in \u003Cstrong>Artois\u003C/strong> (Arras, Saint-Omer, Aire, Hesdin) — constituted a non-negligible territorial contribution to the crown.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A few weeks later, on \u003Cstrong>May 29, 1180\u003C/strong>, Isabella was in turn crowned queen at \u003Cstrong>Saint-Denis\u003C/strong>, reinforcing the symbolic and political dimension of the union.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>⚰️ September 18, 1180: The Death of Louis VII\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>September 18, 1180\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>Louis VII\u003C/strong> died after more than forty years of reign.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The transmission of power thus took place \u003Cstrong>without crisis\u003C/strong>, illustrating the solidity acquired by the Capetian dynasty since the eleventh century.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch3>🏛️ A Defining Legacy\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>His reign appears as a phase of \u003Cstrong>consolidation and maturation\u003C/strong>, between the work of recovery undertaken by \u003Cstrong>Louis VI\u003C/strong> and the decisive affirmation of royal power under \u003Cstrong>Philip II Augustus\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Louis VII’s reign appears contrasted.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On the territorial plane, he suffered major reversals:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>loss of Aquitaine (1152)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>rise of the Plantagenet Empire\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>However, his action remained essential:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>maintenance of Capetian authority against a more powerful rival\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>strengthening of the king’s religious and symbolic role\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>consolidation of the royal domain\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>preparation of a stable succession\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 Key Points\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>1137: union with Eleanor, initial apex of Capetian power\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1142: Vitry, moral shock and political crisis\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1147–1149: failure of the Second Crusade\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1152: loss of Aquitaine, major turning point of the reign\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1154: birth of the Plantagenet Empire\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1164–1174: rivalry with Henry II and the Becket affair\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1179: anticipated coronation of Philip\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1180: death of Louis VII, smooth succession\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",[20,23,26,29,32,35,38],{"id":21,"title":22},"p5ch6z1","1142: Vitry, Moral Scandal and the Champagne War",{"id":24,"title":25},"p5ch6z2","1144: Saint-Denis, Suger and the Monarchy 'Put on Display'",{"id":27,"title":28},"p5ch6z3","1147–1149: Second Crusade, Anatolia and Damascus",{"id":30,"title":31},"p5ch6z4","1152: Marriage Annulment and the 'Plantagenet Shock'",{"id":33,"title":34},"p5ch6z5","1154: Henry II King of England, the Plantagenet Empire",{"id":36,"title":37},"p5ch6z6","1164–1170: Thomas Becket, Refuge in France and Political Shock",{"id":39,"title":40},"p5ch6z7","1179: Anticipated Coronation of Philip Augustus","cover-p5ch6",true,false,"","1137 à 1180","Règne de Louis VII : Vitry, Deuxième croisade, rupture avec Aliénor et affrontement Plantagenêt (1137–1180). In 1137 , Louis VII succeeded Louis VI. He","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch6.jpg",{"period":49,"chapters":54},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":7,"titleEs":6,"coverArtworkId":50,"range":9,"rangeEn":9,"rangeEs":9,"cover":51},"bataille-bouvines",{"fileName":44,"filePageUrl":52,"imageUrl":53,"sourceLabel":14},"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Bouvines_gagnee_par_Philippe_Auguste.jpg","/assets/carousels/p5/Bataille_de_Bouvines_gagnee_par_Philippe_Auguste.jpg",[55,61,68,75,82,89,91,98,105,112,119,126,133,140,147,154,161,167,173],{"id":56,"title":57,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":58,"thumbnailArtworkId":44,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":59,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":60,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch1","Hugh Capet: The Birth of the Capetian Dynasty (987–996)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch1.jpg","Élection de 987, association de Robert II, consolidation capétienne (987–996).","987 à 996",{"id":62,"title":63,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":64,"thumbnailArtworkId":65,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":66,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":67,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch2","Robert II the Pious: Consolidating the Capetian Monarchy (996-1031)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch2.jpg","cover-p5ch2","Règne de Robert II : Église, alliances, Bourgogne, tensions religieuses et succession (996–1031).","996 à 1031",{"id":69,"title":70,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":71,"thumbnailArtworkId":72,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":73,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":74,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch3","Henry I: Preserving the Capetian Balance (1031-1060)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch3.jpg","cover-p5ch3","Règne d’Henri Ier : rivalités princières, arbitrages, montée normande et association de Philippe (1031–1060).","1031 à 1060",{"id":76,"title":77,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":78,"thumbnailArtworkId":79,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":80,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":81,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch4","Philip I: Enduring in Feudal France (1060-1108)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch4.jpg","cover-p5ch4","Règne de Philippe Ier : régence, choc anglo-normand, crise matrimoniale et succession (1060–1108).","1060 à 1108",{"id":83,"title":84,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":85,"thumbnailArtworkId":86,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":87,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":88,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch5","Louis VI: The King Against the Lords (1108–1137)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch5.jpg","cover-p5ch5","Règne de Louis VI : pacification du domaine, alliances avec l’Église, communes et Oriflamme (1108–1137).","1108 à 1137",{"id":16,"title":17,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":47,"thumbnailArtworkId":41,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":90,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":45,"realm":44,"ready":42},"Règne de Louis VII : Vitry, Deuxième croisade, rupture avec Aliénor et affrontement Plantagenêt (1137–1180).",{"id":92,"title":93,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":94,"thumbnailArtworkId":95,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":96,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":97,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch7","Philip II Augustus: The Affirmation of Capetian Power (1180–1223)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch7.jpg","cover-p5ch7","Règne de Philippe Auguste : Normandie capétienne, Bouvines, Paris fortifié et montée en puissance (1180–1223).","1180 à 1223",{"id":99,"title":100,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":101,"thumbnailArtworkId":102,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":103,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":104,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch8","Louis VIII the Lion: Southern Conquests and Capetian Succession (1223–1226)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch8.jpg","cover-p5ch8","Règne bref et décisif : reconquête à l’ouest, Avignon, croisade albigeoise et régence de Blanche (1223–1226).","1223 à 1226",{"id":106,"title":107,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":108,"thumbnailArtworkId":109,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":110,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":111,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch9","Louis IX (Saint Louis): Regency, Royal Justice and Crusades (1226–1270)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch9.jpg","cover-p5ch9","Régence, paix du Midi, justice royale, Sainte‑Chapelle et croisades (1226–1270).","1226 à 1270",{"id":113,"title":114,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":115,"thumbnailArtworkId":116,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":117,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":118,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch10","Philip III the Bold: Capetian Continuity and Mediterranean Crises (1270–1285)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch10.jpg","cover-p5ch10","Retour au domaine en 1271, concile de Lyon, Vêpres siciliennes et croisade d’Aragon (1270–1285).","1270 à 1285",{"id":120,"title":121,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":122,"thumbnailArtworkId":123,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":124,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":125,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch11","Philip IV the Fair: State, Taxation and Conflict with the Papacy (1285–1314)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch11.jpg","cover-p5ch11","Flandre, États généraux, conflit avec la papauté, Templiers et Avignon (1285–1314).","1285 à 1314",{"id":127,"title":128,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":129,"thumbnailArtworkId":130,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":131,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":132,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch12","Louis X the Quarrelsome: Dynastic Crisis and Reforms Under Pressure (1314–1316)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch12.jpg","cover-p5ch12","Apaiser après 1314, ordonnances de 1315, et crise de succession de 1316.","1314 à 1316",{"id":134,"title":135,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":136,"thumbnailArtworkId":137,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":138,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":139,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch13","Philip V the Tall: Stabilizing the Kingdom After the Crisis (1316–1322)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch13.jpg","cover-p5ch13","Règle de succession, administration et maintien de l’ordre (1316–1322).","1316 à 1322",{"id":141,"title":142,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":143,"thumbnailArtworkId":144,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":145,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":146,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch14","Charles IV the Fair: The Last Direct Capetian and Dynastic Shift (1322–1328)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch14.jpg","cover-p5ch14","Gascogne et tensions franco-anglaises, Avignon, et crise dynastique (1322–1328).","1322 à 1328",{"id":148,"title":149,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":150,"thumbnailArtworkId":151,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":152,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":153,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch15","Philip VI of Valois: A New Dynasty, A War Begins (1328–1350)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch15.jpg","cover-p5ch15","Naissance des Valois, rupture de 1337, Crécy, Calais et peste noire (1328–1350).","1328 à 1350",{"id":155,"title":156,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":157,"thumbnailArtworkId":158,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":159,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":160,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch16","John II the Good: Captivity, Internal Crisis, and the Treaty of Brétigny (1350–1364)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch16.jpg","cover-p5ch16","Poitiers (1356), crise parisienne, Jacquerie et traité de Brétigny (1350–1364).","1350 à 1364",{"id":162,"title":163,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":164,"thumbnailArtworkId":44,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":165,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":166,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch17","Carlos V el Sabio: reconquista, Estado y Cisma de Occidente (1364–1380)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch17.jpg","Reconquête sous Charles V, du Guesclin et Schisme d’Occident (1364–1380).","1364 à 1380",{"id":168,"title":169,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":170,"thumbnailArtworkId":44,"hasEn":42,"isFallback":43,"teaser":171,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":172,"realm":44,"ready":42},"p5ch18","Carlos VI: minoría, locura y guerra civil (1380–1422)","/assets/covers/cover-p5ch18.jpg","Minorité, révoltes urbaines, maladie du roi, guerre civile et traité de Troyes (1380–1422).","1380 à 1422",{"id":174,"title":175,"periodId":5,"thumbnailUrl":44,"thumbnailArtworkId":44,"hasEn":43,"isFallback":42,"teaser":176,"coverFit":44,"coverPosition":44,"chronicle":177,"realm":44,"ready":43},"p5ch19","Charles VII : Jeanne d’Arc, reconquête et restauration de l’État (1422–1461)","Jeanne d’Arc, reconquête, Arras, réformes et consolidation de l’autorité royale (1422–1461).","1422 à 1461",1777502619437]