[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":22},["ShallowReactive",2],{"zoom:p6ch2z12-1351-debt-suspension-and-the-creation-of-the-order-of-the-star:es":3},{"period":4,"chapter":12,"zoom":15},{"id":5,"title":6,"titleEn":7,"titleEs":6,"range":8,"rangeEn":8,"rangeEs":8,"covers":9},"p6","La Guerra de los Cien Años","The Hundred Years' War","1328 → 1461",[10],{"filename":11,"url":11},"COMTE_Pierre-Charles_Sacre_de_Charles_VII_Huile_sur_toile.jpg",{"id":13,"title":14},"p6ch2","John II the Good: Captivity, Internal Crisis, and the Treaty of Brétigny (1350–1364)",{"id":16,"title":17,"chapterId":13,"html":18,"hasEn":19,"isFallback":20,"seoDescription":21},"p6ch2z12","1351: Debt Suspension and the Creation of the Order of the Star","\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>1351\u003C/strong>, John II seeks to seize political initiative in a weakened kingdom. Two measures mark this strategy: a popular financial gesture and an attempt to bind the nobility through an “state” knighthood.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>💰 September 1351: Debt Suspension\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>From \u003Cstrong>September 11, 1351\u003C/strong> to \u003Cstrong>September 12, 1352\u003C/strong>, the king suspends debt in the name of preparing a war treasury. As the state often borrows from creditors who reimburse themselves through tax collection, these creditors are unpopular: the measure is thus well received.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>It also highlights a fundamental problem: financing the war durably without delegating fiscal power to hated intermediaries, and without making taxes politically explosive.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🛡️ November 1351: The Order of the Star\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>On \u003Cstrong>November 16, 1351\u003C/strong>, John II creates the \u003Cstrong>Order of the Star\u003C/strong>, a knightly order intended to strengthen loyalty and unity of the military elite under royal direction, in response to English models. Its seat is fixed at \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Ouen\u003C/strong>, near \u003Cstrong>Saint‑Denis\u003C/strong>, a symbolic place of the monarchy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The order emphasizes discipline and fidelity, and its members are recognized by a collar and a star. The statutes exalt honor and cohesion, with oaths that valorize the refusal to retreat.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>⚠️ Ambiguous Effects\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Binding the nobility is a difficult objective: rivalries, local interests, and financial constraints limit real effectiveness. An ideal of bravery “without retreat” can also have dangerous tactical effects if cohesion transforms into rigidity.\u003C/p>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2>🧠 To Remember\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>1351: popular financial gesture, but revealing fiscal fragility.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>1351: Order of the Star, an attempt to discipline and bind the nobility.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n",true,false,"In 1351 , John II seeks to seize political initiative in a weakened kingdom. Two measures mark this strategy: a popular financial gesture and an attempt to",1782343353342]